The Perils of Regionalism:Genocide in Rwanda :: essays research papers

In Priestleys Wrong Ism, he claims that nationalism is not the strength that binds a country together, but rather any of the small local areas we are all accustomed to growing up in that gives us strength. Priestley considers nationalistic ideas and movements to be headed by people who have a love of power and who have left out their regional ties. They no longer have feelings for the areas they came from and any loyalty developed over their lifetime is moire down.Priestley feels regionalism needs to be given more credit. He assumes it provides us with roots and a sense of attachment to our community which affect peoples lives in such a way that it creates a unique bond that contribute be very hard to break. So in a sense, regionalism shapes our identities and I concur with his assumption that people view themselves more as part of their region rather than a part of their nation. Loyalty to ones region can be compromised when individuals allow national power and greed to suppre ss their roots.There are many examples of how nationalism tries to take over a region to destroy its people. For instance genocide, in nearly all examples, has been started by a power-hungry national figure who has an agenda in mind that never takes into account what a local areas wish might be for their future. Hitler is an example of this type of authoritarian oppressor who had a very complex national strategy in place to exterminate the Jews. He certainly did not consider or recognize regional differences in Europe, but rather put forth his own agenda. Genocide is on a whole different level than all other umbrages against humanity. The circumstance I will describe shows how Priestleys concept of internationalism also comes into play demo how our global watchdog agencies, such as the UN, can be slow to respond to an atrocity. For the most part, the UN has avoided and has not responded to many genocidal conflicts. Every time subjects of genocide or other similar crimes against hu manity have come up, debate was intense. This probably occurred because of the many different world perspectives and ideas concerning human suffering. In addition, the punishment of genocide deals with the crime after the annihilation of people occurs. The real problem to be dealt with is that of prevention of such crimes. It seems that a large percentage of every population are erect to obey national authority and be controlled, especially when many of the people are suffering from oppression and

The Sistine Madonna in the Royal Gallery at Dresden, Saxony Essay

The Sistine Madonna in the Royal Gallery at Dresden, comte de SaxeThe most beautiful picture in the world is the Sistine Madonna in theRoyal Gallery at Dresden, Saxony. It was painted by Raphael as analtar-piece for a church service in Piacenza, Italy. In a far corner of thegreat Palace of Art it is now placed, probably to remain until thecolors shall fade. It is the only picture in the room. The figures arof life size. When that room is entered all voices are hushed, and allmerriment silenced. The place is as holy as a church.In the centre of the sheet of paper is the Virgin Mother with a young, almostgirlish face or surpassing loveliness. In her eyes affection andwonder are blended, and the features and the figure are the mostspiritual and beautiful in the worlds art.I have wondered where Raphael found that face. It is not voluptuouslike the Italian, nor heavy like the German, nor light like theFrench, nor refrigerated like the women of more northern nations. It is theideal wom ans face for all nations and ages, and yet it is typical ofnone.In the Mothers arms is the Divine Child, with those strange,far-away-looking eyes that casual visitors so subatomic understandeyesthat even in babyhood seem reading the future, and beginning to seethe greatness of the worlds sorrow. Kneeling on one side, below them,is St. Sixtus, the nearby perfect of all pictures of strong andvenerable age that was ever painted on the other side Santa Barbara,only less beautif...

The Sociological Impacts of Wireless and Modern Computer Technology :: Essays Papers

The Sociological Impacts of Wireless and Modern Computer engine roomIntroduction of the significance of Wireless Technology on Society Todays union is one filled with physical interaction, being replaced by wireless communication with known parties instead of communication between perfunctory strangers, creating a deterioration of casual interaction and the influx of the wireless dependency with family, businesses and friends. From the invention of the landline telephone, wireless technology has been a dream to people who like to stay in spirit and communicate with the ones they love without having to be tied down to one location yet the various types of influences, impacts and dependencies that wireless communication has upon the world wide daily life history is something that sociologist have been studying closely in order to monitor the underlying effects of this sort of technology. The ways in which people view wireless technology is one of the most definitive researching tools that determines the future effect of the products, and to what extreme people will allow wireless technology to monitor their lives. Definition of Wireless Technology Wireless technology is a form of technology that uses a certain wavelength of radio wave space to transfer information that was previously transferred via landline wires. The important difference of wireless communication is that it has the ability to monitor, record and connect people from anywhere, at anytime, to anyone.Different Sentiments Towards Wireless Technology There are certain indicators that assign how confederacy feels towards new inventions and technologies being integrated into our social patterns, and one of them is the rate of adoption by consumers. There are certain stages of innovation adoption indoors the consumer realm that identifies the products importance and strength within society first are the innovators, they are usually the high income, hi gh education, low age, male sector of society who like to have new gadgets to show off to their friends. This innovation crowd is important to the second stage of innovation, the early adopters who see the innovator enjoying his/her product and receiving productiveness or enjoyment from it and therefore adopting it themselves. Innovators look at products that have a relative advantage over products that they already own compatibility and complexity of the product are two main factors.

Comparative Essay on Romantic Poetry - In London, September 1802 vs. :: English Literature

Comparative Essay on Romantic Poetry - In London, phratry 1802 vs. The World Is Too Much With Us Late and Soon - WordsworthWordsworths poems initiated the Romantic era by emphasizing feeling,instinct, and pleasure above formality and mannerism. More than allpoet before him, Wordsworth gave expression to unformed human emotionhis lyric Strange fits of passion have I known, in which the speakerdescribes an inexplicable fantasy he once had that his lover was dead,could not have been written by any previous poet.The message that these poems sent across may be interpreted as beingcynical and nostalgic towards the people, nation and the era in whichthe author lives. In The World is Too Much, the speaker angrilyaccuses the modern age of having befogged its connection to nature and toeverything meaningful Getting and spending, we lay waste our powers/ Little we see in Nature that is ours / We have given our heartsaway, a cheap boon He says that even when the sea bares her bosomto the moo n and the winds howl, humanity is still out of tune, andlooks on uncaringly at the spectacle of the storm. The speaker wishesthat he were a heathenish raised according to a different vision of theworld, so that, standing on this pleasant lea, he might see imagesof ancient gods rising from the waves, a sight that would please himgreatly. He imagines Proteus rising from the sea, and Tritonblowing his wreathed horn. This poem in a very clear manner showsthe flaws of society and his views against such flaws. In London,September 1802 Wordsworths views are not so clear. The use of suchaccusations The Wealthiest Man among us is the best /For comfort,being, as I am, opprest. The foundation of this poem is not reprobate all that is in his life but nature, rather he attempts toshow the shortcomings of society in an effort to go back and reflectupon the lost ways of the past. This is supported with excerpts likeWe must run glittering like a brook and No grandeur now in natureor a book show t he authors view that there is potential for societyand that is has the ability to change. This is quite contrary to thepessimistic outlook of The World is Too Much.The structure of some(prenominal) these poems is that of an Italian sonnet muchlike many other famous sonnets Wordsworth wrote in the early 1800s.Sonnets are fourteen-line poetic inventions written in iambicpentameter. An Italian or Petrarchan sonnet is divided into two parts,

Why American Troops Are Being Sent Overseas :: essays research papers

American troops are being sent overseas to put forward peace in a nation involved in a courteous war. Whether the peace troops should or should non be sent overseas, they are being sent overseas. I do not believe that it is the responsibility of American troops to make peace in a country that is at Civil war. A civil war is a war fought within a nation between that nations people. By sending peace troops to eastward Timor the united States is now becoming involved in this nations war. This could cause the United States to go to war. The arrival of multinational troops could bring more violence, destruction, and chaos to vitamin E Timor. On the other hand it could also bring protection to the many people who have fled the violence from the Indonesian Militia. Force should not have to be used to make or keep peace in any country at that placefore it is not necessary for American troops to have to jeopardy there lives trying to make peace in a country that wont make peace unti l they get what they want, INDEPENDENCE. Sending troops into Dili, eastward Timor may help persuade the people to make peace, but it is not necessary to send all of those troops. Just a few mediators would be fitted to help make peace. If the nations at battle would just talk they might be able to negotiate a peace treaty and there would be cooperation without more violence. American troops would not be exposed to the violence either.The United States is a country known for helping other countries in there time of need, and the United States always plays a big role in e genuinely country, whatever the situation may be. East Timor is fighting for there independence. The United States should not send more troops to help the Dili militia fight, but send trained people who know how to persuade people to make peace. then the United States would be setting a good example by not using violence, and would still be protecting the people. The role of the United States is very important, an d the United States has quite an image to keep up. Sometimes the United States does not know what the right decision is, and until they try one of there choices they will not know what the right or wrong decision is. It is not the United States responsibility to make peace in a country at civil war.

Why American Troops Are Being Sent Overseas :: essays research papers

American array are being sent overseas to maintain peace in a nation involved in a civilized war. Whether the peace troops should or should not be sent overseas, they are being sent overseas. I do not believe that it is the responsibility of American troops to take hold peace in a country that is at Civil war. A civil war is a war fought within a nation between that nations people. By sending peace troops to East Timor the United States is now get involved in this nations war. This could cause the United States to go to war. The arrival of multinational troops could bring to a greater extent violence, destruction, and chaos to East Timor. On the other chip in it could also bring protection to the many people who have fled the violence from the Indonesian Militia. Force should not have to be used to make or keep peace in any country therefore it is not necessary for American troops to have to risk there lives trying to make peace in a country that wont make peace until they get what they want, INDEPENDENCE. Sending troops into Dili, East Timor may help mold the people to make peace, but it is not necessary to send all of those troops. Just a few mediators would be sufficient to help make peace. If the nations at battle would just talk they might be able to negotiate a peace treaty and there would be cooperation without more violence. American troops would not be exposed to the violence either.The United States is a country known for helping other countries in there time of need, and the United States evermore plays a big role in every country, whatever the situation may be. East Timor is fighting for there independence. The United States should not send more troops to help the Dili militia fight, but send trained people who know how to persuade people to make peace. Then the United States would be set a good example by not using violence, and would still be protecting the people. The role of the United States is very important, and the United States has quite an depiction to keep up. Sometimes the United States does not know what the right decision is, and until they try one of there choices they will not know what the right or wrong decision is. It is not the United States responsibility to make peace in a country at civil war.

Demostration Speech: Salsa Dancing

Presentational Communication Dr. Whalen Demonstration Speech Latin Dancing *General spirit To Inform *Specific Purpose To inform others about the gloss of Salsa Dancing and the basic steps to this dance. *Central Idea The main steps in salsa dancing are mainly to construct inviolable eye and feet coordination with your partner. Hola amigos, como estan todos? How many of you have ever been at a lounge or club in DC, heard a song analogous to this? Play snippet of music (10 seconds) and wondered what kind of music that is or how to dance with it? Well that mis amigos is called Salsa.Salsa has been an important type of dance in my family since I was a miniscule kid. Every since I could walk, my uncle would always grab my cousins and I and teach us the basic moves. As we got older we took classes with a good family friend and at the Salsa nightclub in VA. Its something that brings my family and I together and is precious to our hearts. Today Ill be discussing the history of salsa, some of the benefits, and demonstrate how to dance this popular Latin dance. entre 1. Originated in the 1920s, Salsa is one of the oldest and most popular styles of Latin dancing.It combines many Spanish-derived and Afro-Cuban elements, which gives its a bit more excitement. Salsa is similar to Mambo in that both have a pattern of six steps danced over eight counts of music. Contra-Danze (Country Dance) of England/France, later called Danzon, was brought by the French who fled from Haiti, which later began to mix itself with Rhumbas of African origin. Son, of the Cuban people, was a mixture of the Spanish sonero and the African drumbeats. Flavora and a partner dance flowered to the beat of the clave. (Bartch) 2. According to livestrong. om, you can burn up to 500 calories with this one type of dance. it helps you develop stronger postures and make headway your confidence. 3. According to fitday. com, salsa dancing has great health benefits such as improving cardiovascular fitness and endurance as well as strength, balance, coordination, and muscle toning 4. salsabeat. com as well as states that one benefit of salsa dancing from a social perspective is the development of new social relationships. Okay so now well get into the fun mash.. Body 1. first you want to make sure you have comfortable clothing and shoes.In many Latin American countries the women wear dresses with low heels, unless your advance I would recommend you wear leggings with low heels. *After you have dressed comfortably 2. You want to grab a partner. You want to make sure you partner is the by rights height, ladies you dont want a man who is shorter, then you, it wouldnt be very comfortable. *After you have grabbed your partner 3. You want to stand peachy in a centered position. Once you are in a straight centered position, ladies take the leadplace your right hand on his left shoulder men place your left hand on her waist and your right hand on her shoulder. Once you have placed your manpower where they belong 4. The music will start to playmen take your right leg and move it out front, ladies as his right leg starts to move forward youll want to take your left leg bearwards, count 1 2 3 and bring in in a little move with your hips. 5. Come back to a centered straight position and repeat the steps with your other leg. 6. Once you get the hang of a couple steps you can add in some turns to give the routine some more flavor. Make sure you keep up with the beat salsa can be tricky at times so always listen carefully to the beat. 7.Finally youll want to practice a few times and show of your new dance moves. Conclusion In conclusion, I hope you all have learned and enjoyed learning some basic salsa moves, which includes the basic front to back, moving the hips and turns. Not only is salsa a good exercise for your legs, because trust me you will feel the burn after dancing for hours, but its also a good way to expand your culture horizons. The next time you want to go to dancing, try going somewhere where Latin music is played so you can show off your cloying new moves and be the life of the party.

Liberal Media Gone Too Far

Liberal Media Gone Too Far This article GOP Convention Exposes Bigotry and Hatred on Left, on investors. com posted on rattling(a) 29, 2012, shows the ignorant statements of the media to stir the American people. Written by a Republican point of view, they are sick of all the media bashing they cause from liberals. The Democrats use fear to get their fellow Democrats to follow them. there are more destructive ads on Facebook and news sites against Republicans than I nurse ever seen.The Democrats want everyone to focus on the contradict ads and statements and scare people, so they wont think about what bad shape this country is in today. The GOP wants us to know that they have the experience to transmit this country. The Democrats always pull the race and religious card whenever they dont want the true facts to be kn let. The race card plays a significant exercise in the 2012 Democrat campaign. The race card was used excessively during the 2008 presidential election. Bill Clint on played the race card in an attack on voter ID laws in his September 6th speech at the Democratic convention.He wants Democrats to believe the GOP doesnt want any minorities, young, poor, and disable voters to vote. That couldnt be farther from the truth. There have been so many democrats prosecuted over voters fraud from the 2011 elections, it just wasnt believable. ACORN showed us all how easy it was to manipulate the system. Voters ID are important to maintain the single of our voters registration laws. When 74% of Americans favor having people an ID when they vote, including 65% of African Americans and 64% of Hispanics.Most voters believe showing ID, a necessity in our perfunctory lives, is common sense. As long as the democrats continue to stir up racial fears and tensions, this problem of using the race card will continued. I trust the Americans people can see how reckless and irresponsible this practice is to our voters confidence in our election process. Mia Love was u nfairly renderd by the liberals in this article. For the liberals to label Mia Love as a house nigger, dirty worthless whore and an Aunt Tom, is very cruel and un ameliorate.She is a highly educated woman from Haitian immigrants, who is a Mormon running for Congress in Utahs fourth district. If she wins, she would be the first black woman that Republicans have ever elected to Congress. Mia Love stands for physical discipline, limited government and personal responsibility. Liberals likes to bash the person and not the politics. Politicians use the religious card all the time. Liberals judge people by their appearance and what their background is, they will make an ugly comment about it instead of sticking with the issues.Mitt Romney believes in Mormonism and the liberals think he shouldnt be running for president. Chris Matthews called Mormons cultist, and New York Times columnist Charles Blow tweeted that Mitt Romney should stick that in our magic underwear a remark referring to a Mormon religious practice. Again why dont liberals worry about the issues instead of someones background? In the early 1960s, people position that John F. Kennedy shouldnt be running for president because he was a catholic and it turned out that he was elected president of the United States of America.Your religious belief is important no matter what party the candidate is with his or her faith is a personal choice. This article opened by eyes to the importance of doing my own research on the candidates and issues instead of believing everything that I read. I believe that liberals think that all republicans are white men in the corporate world. That is a stereotypical view point of a liberal. People need to stop focusing on badmouthing each other and start thinking what it is going to fill to make this country a stronger and safer country.

Hip Hop Article Summaries Essay

Article 1Talking about Afro-Ameri bath teens in 2005 Bert Staples described how he matt-up that Hip Hop had lost its way and betrayed its many fans. He feels that, although it started out with a number of different themes, it in a flash besides perpetuates the myth that achievement only belongs to white people and negative things such as violence belong only in black culture. He describes how the music was used to insult rivals and perk up gang war fare that ended in fatalities in the 1990s.There are record companies, he claims, who promote violence in order to shift records. He gives the example of 50 Cents, otherwise Curtis Jackson, whose records are insulting and promote violence. Staples says that newer artists are to a greater extent likely to adopt similar methods just to get noticed. He speaks about the music industrys greed and lack of any self control which has led to the present situation, one in which the general human beings has decided that Hip Hop is no longer acce ptable and so are stopping buying discs or going to gigs. Hip Hop so violent that it has shot itself in the foot.Article 2 Hip Hop and Youth CultureThe writer describes Hip Hops an emerging cultural phenomenon now representing millions of dollars and which is intertwined with young peoples lives. It came about, like many other trends have done in the past , because the people concerned found they were unable to lay down any acceptance in the entertainment industry through the standard channels. Adults refused to accept Hip Hop as legitimate music. This rejection made it any the more attractive to the young, black and white, both in rebellion against the mainstream. They found it was easy to participate in you dont need to be a actor or have a good singing voice to rap.In contrast to the first article this writer says there are many themes, all of which play out with dominant percussion. There is little reliance on traditional Western music types. It is way of expressing pride i n ones community, but this has led to gang warfare.. Part of the attraction is the ease in which the message can be delivered. It can be an honest expression of feelings it can also be insulting both are part of Hip Hop. It was only when it became violent that the music industry became interested they could count the dollars.

Case Study Dove Evolution of a Brand

Q1 What was genus Columbas market positioning in the 1950s? What is its positioning in 2007? come down back in the 1950s had one product that was the beauty bar, it was positioned upon its function as a superior product that doesnt dry out(p) the skin the way gunk did. It was marketed through a mix of marketing communication tools like the TV, print media and bill boards. The advertising core was Dove soap doesnt dry your skin because its one-quarter cleansing cream. All of these ads were illustrated with photographs that showed cream being poured into a tablet.In addition the ads were shot with natural looking women rather than models to produce the benefits of the product. Dove in 2007 had a mix of personal care products in addition to the soap, such as deodorants, hairs-breadth care products, facial cleaners, body lotions and hair styling products. It was positioned as aesthetic need for consumers it didnt focus on the functional benefits but on the need to feel good by r epresenting a nous of view some the concept of beauty.It delivered this message through campaigns such as Real Beauty and Self-Esteem that questioned the true meaning of beauty, and the high standard that media specialise to the concept of beauty. Dove used in its campaigns oversized models and elderly women in order to convey the message Dove shifted from broadcast media to digital media, such as YouTube videos and written blogs. A short movie called evolution was the proof of success as it was viewed 3 million times during three months (it is viewed 15 388 230 times right away . The wide exposure of the digital controversial campaigns gave fall free media on TV, blogs, social networks. TV shows like Today show and Good Morning the States talked about these campaigns and Oprah Winfrey show was inspired by the self-esteem campaign and dedicated an episode to discuss the self-esteem concept with centre attention on the dove campaign. Q2 How did Unilever organize to do product ca tegory management and filth management in Unilever ahead 2000? What was the corresponding structure subsequently 2000?How was brand meaning controlled before 2000 and how is it controlled at the time of the showcase? Before 2000, Unilever lacked a unified brand identity and brand managers were allowed to set the direction in each geographic region. at that place was very no control of the brand across the regions where Unilever products were marketed. For example, Unilever produced ice cream under the walls brand in the UK and most parts of Asia, The Algida make in Italy, Langnese in Germany, Kibon in Brazil, Ola in the Netherlands, and Ben & Jerrys and Breyers in the United States.Unilever organized their marketing using a brand management system, offering multiple brands within product categories. Each brand operated independently with its own brand manager who had the responsibilities of a general manager. In February 2000, Unilever initiated a five-year strategic externa lize called Path to Growth in order to centralize the companys brand portfolio and to create a unified global identity. Unilever reduced the number of brands from 1,600 to four hundred and changed its brand management strategy. beneath the new Masterbrands strategy, global brand categories were established for each Masterbrand, which were responsible for creating a global vision and inspiring cooperation from all geographic markets. Under this strategic initiative, the responsibility for a brand was split between two groups Brand Development that is responsible for advertising, strategy, innovation, and long-term market carry on It is global in scope. And Brand Building that is decentralized according to region accountable for growth, profit, cash flow, and short-term market share.Before 2000, according to the traditional media that has been used and the fixed message of dove as, the brand meaning was tight and centered on a specific concept that dove is a unique soap that is ? cle ansing cream or moisturizing cream. In the time of the case study, and after the exposure of the creative campaigns, the brand meaning is open because of the unique message it delivered which was a point a view, this kindle discussions and debates about the real beauty of women. Q3 Spend a little time searching blogs to get a sense of what people are/were saying about Dove.What does this discussion contribute to the meaning of the brand? I searched many blogs talking about dove, in particular the self-esteem and Real beauty campaigns. I find that a lot of bloggers counted on statics that were published by dove about self-esteem and beauty and show an emotional link to the campaign, for example a blogger named Jennifer Beer wrote after addressing some of doves facts about self-esteem When I read these statistics, it made me cry. As a mother of a daughter Id hate to master er become part of these statistics, so I will make sure to tell her every day how beautiful she is In addition , the blogs illustrated a owing(p) engagement of the audience in the campaign, a blogger named Blythe Newsome said in the beginning of a blog that was describing her experience with dove self-esteem campaign When I perceive about the Dove Self-Esteem Movement I knew I wanted to get involved. Another blog I found on wordpress. com, praised Dove for using ordinary women as models in its advertisement to change womens attitudes about beauty as well as how they perceived themselves.I found a sarcastic funny blog at Bros fail blogs wondering how will doves real beauty campaign looks like if it was for men, with this picture given up to the blog I think all of the blogs that I reviewed reflects the massive success of the campaigns, the amount of exposure that they received over the free digital media is phenomenal die hard its a positive feedback or a funny picture Such exposure would help any company gaining a market share and retaining the message of the brand because of its controv ersy and open end horizons.Those discussions and reviews contribute powerful meaning to the brand in a positive way. Q4 Footnote 1 of the case leads you to a blogger who asks, with reference to the age of YouTube advertising, Is marketing now cheap, fast and out of control? Footnote 2 refers to Dove as having started a conversation that they dresst have control of. In When Tush comes to Dove, Seth Stevenson writes about the risky bet that Dove is making. Do you see risks for the Dove brand? Seth Stevensons article, When Tush Comes to Dove suggests that Dove is taking too much risk.The brands nontraditional marketing may lead consumers, or potential customers, to believe that Dove products are for unattractive, over-weight women, or those who dont consider themselves to be beautiful. I dont think this might happen, because the message doesnt send a counter message that beautiful women arent beautiful The message brings up the issue of beauty for specific segment of women. In addi tion such campaign would add to the value of the brand because of the contribution in the awareness of the people as part of its social responsibility obligations.Furthermore, dove is the pioneer in the market to launch such campaign, and it might create a new trend for competitors to follow. I believe dove took the first public mover advantage out of these campaigns. Lets assume that it this negative effect that Stevensons talked about would occur, according to Exhibit 4 a total of 18% of respondents think that they are beautiful, sexy, attractive, pretty and stunning. If they consider the received message as negative and stopped using dove products it wouldnt be a spacious loss comparing to the 82% that will get a positive message.

Design of Organizational Control Mechanisms Essay

ProblemWhen a team of individuals produce a single output the occupation arises on how to contribute the reward so that every individual is equally rewarded. This article examines three different appliances to deal with this issue1.MarketsMarkets deals with the interpret problem by dint of circumstantial quantityment and reward of individual contributions.2.BureaucratsBureaucrats rely on a mixture of close evaluation with socialized acceptance of common objectives.3.kins kindreds rely on a relatively complete socialization process which effectively eliminates goal incongruence between individuals.IntroductionControls (by Tannenbaum)=sum of inter individual(prenominal) influence relations in an presidential term Controls (Ezioni)= control is equivalent to powerControls (Weber)= a problem in creating and monitoring rules through a hierarchical sanction dodgeMain questions in article1) What argon the mechanisms through which an organization cigaret be managed so that it moves towards its objectives? 2) How can the design of these mechanisms be improved, what are the limits of each design?An example The parts supply component partPurchasing department buys 100.000 items (p.a.) from 3.000 suppliers purchased by 22 employees on 3 management levels. Purchasing officer send out request to 3 manufacturers and adds information on reliability, and the orderSupervisor Consults agents if they need help and reminds workers that they are not allowed to accept presents Warehousing operations 1.400 employees (incl. 150 manager)Pickers and packers (worker)Supervisor (manager) Formal confidence (written rules) Informal authority (personality)Three mechanisms1.Market mechanism purchasing functionAgents and supervisory employ market mechanism to minimize cost for the company by picking the best worth on the markets. In a market prices convey all of the information necessary for efficient decision-making. Friction little market Prices represent exactly the value of st eady-going or service. Therefore reward can be contributed in direct proportion to contribution of employeeAgents and supervisory are subject to bureaucratic mechanisms Their work is controlled by a set of bureaucratic control controls (performance evaluation, hierarchical oder-giving)2.Bureaucratic mechanism warehousing functionWarehousing is subject to routines of monitoring and directing. This is done by close personal surveillance and direction of subordinates by superiors, based on a set of rules.Rules vs. price Rules are arbitrary (beliebige) standards without comparison, based on assigned values of (successful) actions. Prices predicate that a comparison has already taken place. Prices are far more efficient means of controlling transactions than are rules. However, the conditions necessary for frictionless prices can rarely be met, and in such conditions the bureaucratic form, despite its inadequacies, is preferred.3.Informal social / clan mechanismSupervisors can rely on bureaucratic mechanisms but this requires surveillance which is associated with costs. But when the supervisor knows that his workers achieve the right objectives, he can eliminate many of the costly forms of audition and surveillance.Social and informational prerequisites of controlThe three models can be arranged along two dimensions1.Informational requirements=prerequisite to successful operation2.Social underpinnings= Set of agreements between people, as a bare minimum, is basis for controlType of controlSocial requirementsInformational requirements MarketsNorm of reciprocality (Wechselwirkung)PricesBureaucracyNorm of ReciprocityLegitimate authorityRulesClanNorm of ReciprocityLegitimate authorityShared values, beliefsTraditionsThe informational prerequisite of controlWhile a Clan is the most demanding and the Market the least demanding with detect to social underpinnings, the opposite is true when it comes to information. Within large organizations departments tend to develop o wn jargon in which complex information is easily transported. Each carcass carries information on how to behave Explicit system accounting system easily accessible by newcomer (system is created) Implicit system is far less complete in its ability to convey information. e.g. US Senate need years to discover flow of information (systems grow up)Companies attempting to control the organization through a price (=market) mechanism use transfer prices to represent prices of internal performances. The advantage should be obtained by using the best prices within the firm.Organizations can as well as create an explicit set of rules ( look as well as production and output) that will cover every situation and therefore cut the information problem down by using rules that will cover 90% of all events and depending upon hierarchical authority to settle the remaining 10%. Again legitimate authority is critical to bureaucracy.In a Clan the information is contained in the rituals, stories and ceremonies. So to say the information system does not require a information system, its just there. For example Chinese-American Hui conducts business as venture capital lender but they also enter risky businesses and even the repayments are left open. initiation is only when granted by birthright, a practice that guarantees that every member is part in the like social network and therefore behave to the same rules and principles.While the Market and Clan are both specialized approaches it is the Bureaucratic which is the system that is most flexible. Of course, under certain circumstance both the Market and Clan approach will deliver better results but the Bureaucratic can withstand high rank of turnover, a high degree of heterogeneity and it does not have very demanding informational needs.Designing Control Mechanisms Costs and BenefitsTwo ways of effective people control1. Find people that fit needs exactely2. meet people that dont fit exactly but use a managerial system to instruct, monitor and evaluate themBest approach depends on costs. Ad 1. is associated with costs and search and acquisitions but their skills will help to reduce costs in the long-run. Ad 2. includes trainings costs and a the costs for the supervisory system but reduces high turnover. Search and select clan-type peopleCost of Search and Acquisition High WagesBenefit Perform tasks without instruction, work hard instill people into the clan systemCost of training instruct, monitor, and evaluate unskilled workers (who are likely to be indifferent to learn organization skills and values). High rates of turnover. Costs of monitoring developing rules, supervising.Benefit heterogeneous system of people that can be controlled. Explicit rules (codified knowledge) offset turnover costs.Loose coupling and The Clan as a Form of ControlNew view with impact on designing control mechanisms. The ability to measure either output or behavior which is relevant to the desired performance is critical to the rational application of market or bureaucratic forms of control.Knowledge of transformation processTin john plant If we understand the technology (e.g. production process and what it takes for a successful production) perfectly, we can achieve effective control by setting rules that lead to behavior and processes that lead to our desired transformation steps. Thus, we can create an effective bureaucratic control mechanism. Womens boutique On the other hand, if we dont understand what is needed (e.g. control system for womens boutique) to be a successful buyer or merchandiser, we cant create rules. But we can measure output (turnover per buyer, salex volumes,). So we can use the output control mechanism to monitor various indicators and set actions accordingly. Apollo Program Each step of the transformation (assembling) is vitreous silica clear and we have a output measure (it comes back or not).Thus we have the choice and the lower cost alternative will be preferred clearly as the cost of failure would be prohibitive (untragbar) and more elaborate behavior control system will be installed. Reseach research laboratory We have the ability to define the rules of behavior and we can measure the output which will be some 10 years in the future. Certainly a strong output control system will be used but effectively this cannot guarantee success so neither behavior nor output measurement will be sufficient, leaving us with no rational form of control. Therefore such organizations rely on ritualized, ceremonial forms of controls. This approach only works with the recruitment of a selected few individuals, with the same schooling and professionalization process. Another organizations using this form Hospitals, Investement banks, Whereas output and behavior control can be implemented through a market or bureaucracy, ceremonial forms of control can be implemented through a clan.Closing observationsDepending on the organization and its requirements it has to be choosen which control systems works best. E.g. manufacturing behavior and output control vs. service org. cultural or clan controls. Nevertheless every control system is enjoin at achieving cooperation by Market mechanism each persons contribution is evaluated combined with a personal loss of reward Clan mechanism attain cooperation by selecting and sozialising individuals such that their objectives overlap with the organizations objectives Bureaucratic mechanism does a little of each, partly evaluates performance and partly engenders feelings of commitment to the supposition of legitimate authority in hierarchies Two main questions1. Clarity with which the performance can be assessed2. Degree of goal incongruence (either trust each other or control each other)

Papers

1. Make some readings about the human person and its nature. Then create an search guided by the side by side(p) questions (a) What is the Human Person? (b) What is the nature of the human person and (c) How does a person attain his highest potential that can create a possitive result towards society?. Your essay must be composed of at least 150 words 2. Utang na Loob and Bahala na are two of the most familiar characteristics of most filipinos. tell apart one of these two characteristic and discuss your own opinion about it. 3.In your own observation, describe the feature of the Filipino Family nowadays. 4. Give what values are being pointed out by the following quotations a. treat life with respect and life itself leave alone reveal its beauty to you. b. We can get so come to in what we are doing that we forget why we are doing it. We are so convoluted in living that we forget the purpose of living. We get so involved in pursuing the things money can buy that we forget the t hings that money cant buy. c. Justice is giving every man his due. d. Each man may resist in worldly stature, but each one bears the same amount of dignity as another and all share one common destiny. e. thither is no truth and no good in lies f. The real heroes among us are those who live their lives daily in genuine concern for the welfare of the others. g. permit every individual and institution now think and act as a responsible trustee of Earth, seeking choices in ecology, economics and ethics that will provide a sustainable future, eliminate pollution, poverty and violence, awaken the wonder of life and foster peaceful progress in the human adventure.

Mw Petroleum

Discounted Cash Flow Valuation of Aggregate militia Discounted Cash Flow Valuation Proved Developed Reserves Discounted Cash Flow Valuation Proved Un true Reserves Discounted Cash Flow Valuation Probable Reserves Discounted Cash Flow Valuation attainable Reserves Question 3 To value MW Petroleum we would consider the assets in place and the option bearing assets discretely. The assets in place consist of the proved intermited militia since they are already producing a determinable quantity of oil and natural gas, as well as the non-producing assets as if developed immediately ( valued as the NPV of free cash flows).The expenditures associated with the proved developed reserves are also known with some certainty since they consist primarily of maintenance and replacement cost that follow experience based norms. The NPV is subject to commodity charge chance due to volatility in oil and gas prices, as well as uncertainty regarding the discount rate. The options consist of th e delay in developing proved undeveloped, probable and possible reserves. In the case of these assets, significant development costs must(prenominal) be incurred to monetize the reserves.In the case of the probable and possible reserves, the estimated cash flows are already risk weighted to account for the uncertainty in producible reserves. The options on these reserves are timing options. By incorporating volatility in commodity prices oer time, Apache can value the ability to postpone capital expenditures to develop the reserves until volatility in commodity prices returns to historical levels. It is important that Apache have some level of certainty regarding minimum likely commodity prices over time since these are long-lived projects.These options yield a higher value than the DCF valuation (of the aggregate cash flows). Since we are considering these reserves as potential projects in years basketball team through seven, we use the Black-Scholes model to value the options. T he option values are inclusive of the project, i. e. not just the option alone. Question 4 The assets underlying the options are quite risky as demonstrated by the rising volatility presented in the case.Since Apache was primarily concerned with the oil assets, we used the highest recent oil price volatility of 50%. Since volatility is such a driver of option value, we also performed a sensitivity analysis to evaluate how the projects plus options would be valued at different revenue levels as well as with differing volatility. Question 5 Based on the value of all the call options derived in dubiousness 4, if the sale goes through then Apache Corporation would not exercise any of the options early.In doing so, they would incur significant financial hardship while bearing the risk of highly volatile underlying assets. Given the potential financial strain of this acquisition, as incorporated by the cost of capital, Apache would benefit from observing prices develop over time. Our ans wer is based on the volatility which is assumed at 50%. Based on the sensitivity analysis it does not appear Apache would attempt to develop the possible reserves within the 5-7 year timeframe.

The Self in a Social World

L. I am but a mass of tanned skin, black-brown hair, intimidating eyes, relatively normal features, and limbs and extremities of regular length stuck onto a body of less than average height with a slight belly to match. I open never seen myself as physic ally competent, exactly, nor do I see myself as someone head-turning gorgeous like a lot of my friends are. There are a lot of things about me that I want to desperately change in a physical sense, because really, I am nonentity above typical. Regular clime swings are a norm for me, hormonal imbalance or none, though I ant give tongue to Im emotionally unstable.You might say Im sensitive Im easily touched, easily ticked off, easily pleased, easily hurt. I slope to be intense and extreme with my emotions, and very vocal about it too. Without a venting outlet, my emotions may be easily displaced. My mood is often dangerous and difficult to control, like wildfire. Sometimes, I think of myself as a mirror how I be gravel depend s on the flock Im with. If hes the shy type, Im the shy type. If shes bubbly and talkative, then thats me as well. The only time this doesnt work is when the person Im with is a loud and obnoxious ass.Normally when there are multitude of people I dont jazz, be it walking around the Magic complex or sitting in a classroom full of people I dont know, Im very guarded and conscious of my actions, making me assist cold and quiet sometimes. This stems from my intense fear of public embarrassment, I think. But once Vie settled in a little niche, especially with the people who are close to me, the loud, wild and sometimes unashamed little monster in facial expression of me get alongs out with a vengeance. He. Im not exactly a socially-awkward person, nor am I totally socially-adept.Im either mainstream nor hipster, trendsetter nor wallflower either. Truth is, Im really just somewhere in between all that. And I like where I am. Im not the type to be easily swayed by sweet trends, hab its, practices and opinions, sans policy-making opinions because I am so pathetically apathetic on those matters. Only in recent long time have I begun to be as friendly and cordial as I can to new people I meet. I often try to keep my mood and behavior in learn when Im with my friends as well, because even though they know about it, I dont want to show them the ugly side of me that I only how myself.Now, even if I didnt graduate as the class valedictorian and simply do it with a humble Honorable Mention medal, that hasnt stopped me from thinking of myself as fairly smart. I have intelligent parents and relatives and I think thats influenced me plenty. I do read and write a lot. I find fault up a lot of things from books and movies and my father to be able to do those well, so much that I was able to conquer my fear of public speaking. Although it doesnt apply all the time, I do pick up on things rather easily, making schoolwork lighter for me than most of my friends think so.St ill, I dont think that passing of myself in this matter. I am not special, and again, nothing above typical. II. Physical 1 . ) Physically fit 3. ) Attractive 4. ) Has dimples Emotional 1 . ) Emotionally stable 2. ) Intense with her feelings 3. ) Short-tempered 4. ) Sensitive 5. ) Happy-go-lucky behavioral 1 Careful 2. ) Competitive 3. ) Energetic 4. ) Perfectionist Social 1 Friendly 2. ) Sociable 3. ) May come off as intimidating and difficult to approach Cognitive 1 . Above average 2. ) skilful 3. ) Witty 4. ) Competitive Ill.For the Physical aspect of the survey, to everything aside from the typical average height, brown shoulder-length hair, I say WHAT? I was honestly laughing at the number of people who responded with physically fit and sexy, because not only is one of them awkward to read, I also dont find the other one true at all. I always berate myself for my thighs and my arms and my belly that seem to be growing a hundred miles per hour. The responses in the survey ma ke me think one of two things 1 . Maybe its all in my head after all or 2. Theyre Just saying that because they dont want to make me feel bad. And to be honest, the due south one seems a lot more plausible to me. Because, really, I cant see this body as physically fit at all. Other than that, almost everything else I read off the survey answers were pretty much things Im aware(p) of or I already knew about myself. It makes me think how transparent I really am of a person, even to people I havent been friends with for over a year. This fact assures me somehow, and I seem to take it as a good thing.Since Vie always hated people who are fake and plastic, two-faced people who only care about looking good in front of other people, its good to know that people are seeing me as I really am, even the rough spots and the loathsomeness sides, and that Im not one of those people I absolutely loathe. Its nice to know I havent completely turned into the person I swore Id never become. Youd p robably expect me to say something like This survey activity has subject my eyes and inspired me to change, etc. but no, thats the exact opposite of what Vie realized.I realized that theres really nothing to change after all. I already like everything myself, my short-temperateness, my faux icy demeanor, and even my that. Lastly, I give thanks my friends who responded honestly to this survey. I got to see how other people saw me, something Vie always been curious about, and I learned, based on how fast I ran out of survey forms, how many people I actually consider as friends who also see me the same way. Also, based on the fact that Im still friends with these people, I realized how much theyve accepted me, despite all my shortcomings as a person and as a friend.

Lesson Plan for P.E. Essay

This is a gr kill activity that my kids loved after a solid analyze of what is in a First Aid Kit. erstwhile your students pass on been introduced to these contents and understand their phthisiss, have them f all told in their association to real life situations with this activity. 1. Have students break into gatherings of 3-5.2. I assigned students roles in their groups. (Time Keeper, Writer, Speaker, etc.) They all enquire to admirer deal however. 2. Each group willing receive an index peak with a scenario on it. 3. Based on the scenario, students must decide which item(s) from their First Aid Kit they would spend. They should write d testify the items they could usage on the back of the note card. I have a spelling enumerate on the plank for younger grades. If supplies allow it, give separately group a first charge fit out so that they may simply grab the item for their scenario.Example of a Scenario One of your friends cuts their leg and it begins to bleed. Y ou impoverishment to help them clean the wound. What do you need to use fromthe First Aid Kit? Answer Rubber Gloves, n eaten Pads, Gauze, Antibacterial Ointment, etc. 4. Have to each(prenominal) one group go through their list and discuss with the caste why its important to have each certain item. How does it help both the helper and whoever is injure? Make sure that you stress the importance to always find an adult first in the lead solveacting first aid. judicial decision IdeasPerform assessment and evaluation through discover the entire lesson by having the students interact with heedful discussion based lecture and apply what they have learned by putting the index card into the correct spots and answering why its important to know first aid asylum.Tuesday pay heed of Activity Counting on Groceries Purpose of Activity The purpose of the activity is for the students to comprehend concepts related to wellness promotion by moving in the gymnasium and knowledge about heal thy victuals cho icings as well as doing a little basic math. Prerequisites Counting to 6. Have some basic ideas of what grave nourishments look like. Student will tell healthy practice and behaviors to maintain or improve face-to-face health.Suggested Grade Level 2Materials Needed Enough foam dice so that each electric razor has one Lots of plastic nutriments Two reus adequate to(p) shopping bags 4 kibibyte baskets (depending on how a good deal go fare you have) 2 red baskets (depending on how much whoa sustenance you have)Description of Idea do on shopping bag with lots of food choices in it toward one end of the play space. short letter the other shopping bag also with lots of food choices in it toward the other end of the play space. This allows for to a greater extent activatement and less traffic jams. Place the color baskets in the center of the play space. The green baskets represent the Go Foods healthy food choices and the red baskets represent Whoa Foods fo ods we stick out solo eat any once in a while. Each child will get 1 asphyxiate. They will get the murmur to a self-space and roll the die one meter. After rolling the die they need to count the spots. Each spot represents a piece of food they brush aside get at the foodstuff store (shopping bags). Once they collect the correct amount of food from the bag to match the roll of the die they shoot in the food back to the baskets. Once at the baskets they look the food into the green basket for go foods and red basket for whoa foods. After sorting the foods they go back to their die and roll again. They continue to do this until the shopping bags atomic number 18 empty and the food is all sorted. After all food is sorted bring the children back to the center of the play atomic number 18a. Have them sit in a circle so they can all see the baskets. As the children to identify the foods in the basket and evaluate to see if they placed the foods in the correct baskets.Assessmen t IdeasI was able to assess if the students could count to sextette by watching their die roll and seeing how more pieces of food they took when going away to the shopping bag. I was able to watch the children sort the food and see if they were sorting correctly for the food choices they had. As a group I was able to assess the overall outcome by how successful they were overall with the sorting activity.Adaptations for Students with DisabilitiesKids with mobility problems could have an adult bring a basket to them so they could sort easier. Kids with visual difficulties could have the food identified for them and therefore have them tell another child or adult what basket to place to the food in. Kids could excogitate in pairs if a child has trouble counting the spots on the die.Wednesday detect of Activity Learning the food guide gain Purpose of Activity The learner will apply knowledge and behavior self-management skills to beas of livelihood and physical activity for heal thy growth, development, and maintenance. Prerequisites The student will choose habits that prevent hearth disease. Students should have knowledge of the tail fin food groups, how much of each food group they should be getting every day, and what makes up a serving of food. 115.2 Health Edu.(b)(1) (A) Suggested Grade Level 2Materials needed -white board, -white board markers. -Class set of food calendar worksheets, -multiple sets of pyramid go fish game, -deck of cards Description of IdeaFocusWhat is everyones favorite(a) food? (Make a chart on the white board, placing students favorite foods under the family line of the food pyramid in which it belongs) Explain which material body the students favorite foods fall under, which category we should have the most of (grains) and which the least of (fats and oils)?Statement of ObjectivesTo learn about the food guide pyramid and what foods are best for our bodies teacher Input piece of ass anyone lean all the categories of the foo d guide pyramid? (Grains, vegetables, fruits, draw/dairy, meats & beans, and fats/sugars) Tell your neighbor what your favorite food is and which category it fell under? Now how much of all the other categories, as well as the one your favorite food falls under, do you ideate you should be eating each day? Grains- 6 ouncesVegetables- 2 ouncesFruits- 1 cupsMilk/dairy- 3 cupsMeats & beans- 5 ouncesFats/sugars- know your limitsOils (although not a good group, they are needed in small amounts for good health) We eat these foods because they provide our bodies with the nutrients we need to do things. To run, walk, talk, think, smile, and GROW big and strong All the categories of the food guide pyramid are like a puzzle, and if our body doesnt have all the pieces, it isnt complete channelize PracticeCan we discuss as a build, what are some healthy choices that we could eat from each of these categories. Examples Grains (pasta, bread, rice), Vegetables (lettuce, spinach, broccoli, cucu mbers, peppers), Fruits (bananas, strawberries, oranges, apples), Milk/dairy (milk, yogurt, cheese) Meats & beans (chicken, fish, lean beef, soybeans, dried beans). One important thing to know when deciding what you are going to eat for your each food guide pyramid portion size. We need six ounces of grains per day, and tailfin ounces of meat/bean.What does this mean? Well three ounces can be described as the aforesaid(prenominal) comprehensiveness and size of a deck of cards (show example of a deck of cards). So remember that when eating. Now, lets fill in this chart all together (the same food calendar worksheet passed out to class already) to help us think about what kinds of foods we would all eat throughout our meals to ensure we are eating all of the correct foods and serving amounts that the food guide pyramid tells us to. Who would like to energise their hand first, to tell me, what is a food we could eat with breakfast, which would help us reach our goal of face-off th e food guide pyramid daily servings?Independent PracticeWith three of your neighbors, take a a couple of(prenominal) minutes to play Pyramid Go Fish The dealer of your group shuffles the cards, then gives each thespian quadruplet cards, and puts the remaining cards in a stack in middle of everyone. Each actor takes a develop asking another player if he/she has the pair to one of the four cards that they currently have in their hands. If two of the same cards are obtained, then the pair is located dget and counted as one point. When asking another player if he/she has a card and is answered no, go fish then the player who was denied must draw another card from the deck in the middle. If answered Yes, then the player is given the card, lays down his/her pair, and gets to ask again if a fellow player has a card he/she needs. Whoever ends up with the most pairs wins?ClosureRaise your hand to tell me a food that may not be your favorite, but you like a lot, that falls into the food guide pyramids categories. How much of this food do you usually eat when you have it? What are some fats/sugars that would be better to choose, rather than candy, ice cream and items like that? Make sure to go home tonight and talk to your family about what should be on your plate in order to have a well-balanced, healthy dinner tonightAssessment IdeasPsychomotor The student will be able to play games related to the food guide pyramid. cognitive The student will be able to remember what the food guide pyramid categories are, what types of foods belong to each, how umpteen servings pertain to each category, and why we should eat these foods. Affective The student will be able to discuss good choices to eat from the food guide pyramid, determine how much of each pyramid category they should eat daily, and also be able to teach others about what they learned from the food guide pyramid.Thursday draw of Activity Creating a First Aid Kit Purpose of Activity The student should know how to work in groups while making the first aid kit. They should also be able to list five items that should in a first aid kit and explain how they are used, as well as, go home and make a first aid kit. Prerequisites Student should have had prior practice. The students should know the name of the items in the recession and how to use all content in the box, also where it should be kept. And be dexterous in common first aid procedures. 115.2 Health Edu (b) (1) (A)Suggested Grade Level 2Materials Needed first-aid manual, impotent gauze, adhesive tape, adhesive bandages in several sizes, elastic bandage, antiseptic wipes, soap, antibiotic cream (triple-antibiotic ointment), antiseptic solving (like hydrogen peroxide), hydrocortisone cream (1%), acetaminophen and ibuprofen, extra prescription medications (if the family is going on vacation), tweezers, sharp scissors, safety pins, disposable instant cold packs, calamine lotion, alcohol wipes or ethyl alcohol, thermometer, plastic glov es (at least 2 pairs), flashlight and extra batteries, mouthpiece for administering CPR (can be obtained from your local Red Cross), your list of indispensability visit numbers blanket (stored nearby), Plastic box, construction melodic theme cut to 35 in., markers, sandwich bags, take home handouts with the list of items for kit and how to make a kit, First aid assessment sheet, the in class worksheet for with blank spaces for students to fill in descriptionsDescription of IdeaStatement of ObjectivesOnce we have finished creating our schoolroom first aid kit you will be able to go home and make your own first aid kit with your parents and identify all the parts that are found in the kit.Teacher InputAsk students, Have you ever seen a first aid kit? ask them to burn their hand. Where do you usually see first aid kits? call on a hardly a(prenominal), give positive degree feedback. Tell the students that a first aid kit is a good thing to have anywhere. institutionalise example s in the car, at home, at the playground. Tell the children how you never know when you may have a emergency that will require immediate action. Put up a slide showing the standard list of items, with their descriptions, found in a kit. Point to each item say the name and have the class repeat the name. Guided Practice After going through the list once give each student the handout that matches the slide telling them to follow along and take notes of the descriptions of use as you move down the list. Tell the classroom that this information was provided to them by the White Lake Fire Department.This time instead of pointing only to the slide use the items you have already sat on the desk that will go in your kit to show the students a visual of the item as you describe it while they take notes. After going over an item start passing it through the class giving each student an probability to look closely at each item. Once you reach the end have them fill in the last three spaces wi th things they think would be nice to have in a first aid kit. This can be something serious like glow sticks, matches or fun such as a coloring book or small stuffed animal.Independent PracticeAssign children into groups of no more than five. apportion each group a sandwich bag and the construction paper squares. Tell the students to make their own first aid kit by writing the name of each item on the paper provided. Tell the groups to switch bags and empty the contents equaliseing to make sure each piece is there. Before they check the new bags explain to the students the importance of going through the first aid kit every few months to make sure all the items are still there and that none of the items are out of date stamp or damaged.ClosureGive positive feedback on what a wonderful job they have through so far. Go back to the table with all the items for the first aid kit and have each child come up and pick and item to go in the class box. Ask the student, Can you tell every one what this item is and what we would use this item for? Let each child have a turn if possible. Pass out the First Aid Lesson assessment and have the children complete and hand in. After the box is complete encourage the children to go home and talk to their parents about making their own kit FridayName of Activity Nutrition Scooter Relay Purpose of Activity The students will be able to demonstrate safe scooter locomote and will be able to correctly identify foods from the six food pyramid groups. Prerequisites Students should have knowledge of the five food groups, how much of each food group they should be getting every day, and what makes up a serving of food.Suggested Grade Level 2Materials Needed 1. four wheeled scooters (enough for half your class) 2. Pictures of foods from the six food groups (around 100-150 pictures) Description of IdeaI like to use this pass as a culminating activity for learning about the six food groups. Divide the students into pairs and have them library paste out along one side of the gym with one scooter per pair. Spread out pictures of food from the six food groups along the opposite side of the gym. I like to use food group pictures that I ordered from a Dairy Council catalog that allots free monies to teachers every year, but any mixture of pictures will work. It is also nice to tack up a picture of the food pyramid on the same side of the gym that you spread out the pictures for struggling students to use as a resource. Once the gym is set up, give the signal to begin.One student from each group must travel on the scooter down to the opposite end of the gym while the other student runs/skips/gallops/etc. beside his/her partner on the scooter. The partner on the scooter must travel on his/her bottom or knees. Once they have made it to the opposite side each group must pick six different foods pictures of food that fit into the six food group categories before returning. Partners can check with each other and the food p yramid poster to make sure they have all six before returning. They must go back the same way they came, with the same partner on the scooter and the same partner moving alongside the scooter.Once the first group has returned, begin counting down from 30 seconds, signaling to the other groups that they need to get back to the other side of the gym before time runs out with whatever pictures they have. Once everyone is back, they can take 30 seconds to show their items to another group to doubled check their choices. Once the 30 seconds are up, collect all the food from the students, have them switch places and go again While they race down, replace the food you have collected so that they can use those pictures again for the following round. The kids LOVE this game, and it gives the students multiple opportunities to check their knowledge with other students while giving me many opportunities to walk around and assess student learning levels.Assessment IdeasI have assessed student learning and comprehension levels in different ways for this game. Sometimes I use a check-sheet to mark that can correctly identify and place foods within the correct food groups, and sometimes (with the second graders) I use self-assessment charts where students can mark their own levels of understanding. Since this activity takes place at the end of my nutrition unit I usually already have a pretty good idea of who can and cant identify foods and correctly place them within the six food groups, so this just gives me one more opportunity to check for understanding.

If I Were a Boy Essay

The artist Beyonce has a fantastic music television set, directed by Jake Nava. He is best known for his Anti-gun campaign music television he also attended University of Westminister. It is more or less a girl who put herself in a qats shoes. This particular song portrays an R&B genre. Beyonc is shown as a female police officer arresting a grown, black male who looks to be from an innocent area. This often times suggests R&B however, both Beyonc and the male featured in the video front to be clean cut and well presented. They also show the couples nice apartment, and the guy is shown giving Beyonc an expensive- feeling pair of earrings. Based on this information, one can assume that this music is not R&B, its pop.The purpose of this video was to highlight the misunderstanding between genders. The theme of role reversal was used. Beyonc was shown in the shoes of a man. She treated her man the musical mode your stereotypical male would treat a female. workforce dont take the t ime to sit down and eat breakfast together, as shown in the video they tend to worry more somewhat work, alcohol and other women. Beyonc illustrates the feeling of men access and going, always assuming that when they do in fact come home their girl will be right there waiting for them. She proves that point wrong when she says you lose the one you wanted because youve taken her for grant. A person can only take so much before they decide to walking away. Aside from what had previously been mentioned it is noted that there is a very strong relationship between the lyrics and the visual. The way Beyonc acts towards her man in the video is much the same as she describes it through her words. She shows distance and selfishness. She puts herself first, which is what she feels most guys do. This video portrays their closeness, but also her reluctanceto be treated poorly. At this point, viewers are able to sense her.confusion she seems tired of the situation, tired of her man constant ly coming and going. It almost seems as if its time for her to ground a decision, judgment day. The roles are suddenly flipped and everything get goings to make sense. However, if you pay close attention you also begin to realize that the record phoner is trying to do multiple things with this song. You can tell that the record company is not only trying to sell the track but the artist as well. A bulky majority of Beyoncs songs have leaned more towards the R&B genre, all songs that could be played at a party and cause a live atmosphere whereas this song is deeper and more heartfelt. This song is looking to grab peoples attention in a different way, she wants people to relate. The record company tries to sell her as a diverse artist, and was trying to prove that she is capable of executing multiple forms of music. Overall, this song is about a female who feels as if men have it easier, almost like they can say and do things that adult female cannot do within arelationship witho ut facing consequences. Beyonc feels a man wouldnt stick virtually if they were treated like a female. They wouldnt have the patience nor would they continue to make an effort. This song/video combo was well executed and served a clear purpose. Some women feel a mans position is easier to fulfill, but who is to say that some men dont feel that way about women? It would be very interesting to see a male version of this music video.

International organizations Essay

International organizations provide a common platform wherein representatives from varied parts of the world can discuss and evolve solutions for contemporary knows. In common parlance, it is well known as interg all overnmental organizations. The World trade Organization, europiuman Union and Council of Europe argon outside(a) Organizations to name a few. Evolution Of International OrganizationsThere was need to have a so-so(p) forum where countries could participate and discuss problems that were of significance the world over. This gave rise to international Organizations. Role Of International OrganizationsThe alive(p) countries define the function of the International Organizations. The objective of international organization is to field of operation, collect and propagate information, background signal up of laws that be internationally accepted. The international organizations excessively help in cooperation amidst different countries by setting up negotiation deals between them. The international Organizations also help in proficient assistance. The International Organizations undertake an im carriageant role in collecting statistical information, analyzing the trends in the variables, making a comparative study and disseminate the information to all other countries.There argon some intergovernmental organizations that have set international Minimum standards. Such norms are difficult to be set at the state level. There are some international organizations that perform certain supervisory functions. The supervisory system of the UN is very weak. In contrast, the supervisory mechanism of the ILO is quite strong. The European Union, together with the Commission and the Court of Justice, has a relatively strong supervisory mechanism. The third function of the international organizations is setting up multilateral or bilateral agreements between countries. some other function, that has assumed im bearingance in the recent times, is lending out technical cooperation to the member countries. By technical cooperation we mean the provision of intellectual or financial material to the countries, which require them. Amongst all the roles and activities of the international organizations, the nigh important is negotiating and setting up multilateral agreements. Minimizing the transaction costs can streng thus the cooperation between differentcountries. Beside they also provide lucidity and information. For negotiations, forums for bargaining are set up and focal point structures are constructed during negotiations. The multilateral agreements that are settled by the international organizations occur in sections like environment protection, phylogenesis trade, crime human rights, etc. Success and failure of coalition of NationsThe fusion itself was a success, as vigor like it had ever existed before. The fusion was successful in the 1920s in settling disputes between countries. Fin come to and Sweden argued over which count ry should own the Aaland Islands. The union settled the dispute in favour of Finland. When Greece and Bulgaria became involved in a border dispute, the conference was called in to decide who was right. The League also did very good work in a campaign to stamp out the slave trade and in tackling diseases. In August 1923 atomic number 23 Italian surveyors were mapping the Grecian-Albanian border for the League of Nations.They were shot and killed on the Greek side of the border and Mussolini, the Italian Prime Minister, demanded compensation from the Greeks. When the Greek government ignored the demand, Mussolini ordered the Italian navy to bombard and then occupy the Greek island of Corfu. Italy was also a Permanent Member of the Council of the League. Eventually the League backed Mussolini and compel the Greeks to pay compensation. Then Mussolini had to withdraw his forces from the island. The Corfu incident seemed to suggest that Permanent Members of the Council could get away with recess the arrangement. It also suggested that while the League could deal effectively with transferome countries, it could not deal with large countries.The successes of the League of NationsIn view of the Leagues desire to end war, the only criteria that can be used to straighten out a success, was whether war was avoided and a peaceful settlement formulated after a crisis between 2 nations. The League experienced success inThe Aaland Islands (1921)These islands are near enough equal distant between Finland and Sweden. They had traditionally belonged to Finland but most of the islanders wanted to begoverned by Sweden. Neither Sweden nor Finland could come to a conclusion as to who owned the islands and in 1921 they asked the League to adjudicate. The Leagues decision was that they should remain with Finland but that no weapons should ever be kept there. Both countries accepted the decision and it remains in force to this day. pep pill Silesia (1921)The conformity of V ersailles had given the plurality of Upper Silesia the right to have a referendum on whether they wanted to be part of Germany or part of Poland. In this referendum, 700,000 voted for Germany and 500,000 for Poland. This close result resulted in rioting between those who pass judgment Silesia to be made part of Germany and those who wanted to be part of Poland. The League was asked to settle this dispute. After a six-week inquiry, the League decided to split Upper Silesia between Germany and Poland. The Leagues decision was accepted y some(prenominal) countries and by the people in Upper Silesia. Memel (1923)Memel was/is a port in Lithuania. Most people who lived in Memel were Lithuanians and, therefore, the government of Lithuania believed that the port should be governed by it. However, the Treaty of Versailles had put Memel and the land surrounding the port under the control of the League. For three years, a French general acted as a governor of the port but in 1923 the Lithua nians invaded the port.The League intervened and gave the eye socket surrounding Memel to Lithuania but they made the port an international partition off. Lithuania agreed to this decision. though this can be seen as a League success as the issue was settled a counter argument is that what happened was the result of the use of force and that the League responded in a positive manner to those (the Lithuanians) who had used force. Turkey (1923)The League failed to stop a bloody war in Turkey (see League failures) but it did respond to the humanitarian crisis caused by this war. 1,400,000 refugees had been created by this war with 80% of them organism women and children. Typhoid and cholera were rampant. The League sent doctors from the Health Organisation to check the spread of disease and it worn-out(a) 10 gazillion on building farms, homes etc for the refugees. Money was also invested inseeds, wells and digging tools and by 1926, work was found for 600,000 people. A member of the League called this work the greatest work of mercy which human has undertaken. Greece and Bulgaria (1925)Both these nations have a common border. In 1925, sentries patrolling this border fired on one other and a Greek soldier was killed. The Greek army invaded Bulgaria as a result. The Bulgarians asked the League for help and the League ordered both armies to stop fighting and that the Greeks should pull out of Bulgaria. The League then sent experts to the area and decided that Greece was to blame and fined her 45,000. Both nations accepted the decision. The failures of the League of NationsArticle 11 of the Leagues Covenant statedAny war of threat of war is a matter of concern to the whole League and the League shall take action that may safe guard peace. Therefore, any conflict between nations which stop in war and the victor of one over the other must be considered a League failure. Italy (1919)In 1919, Italian nationalists, angered that the Big Three had, in their opinion , broken promises to Italy at the Treaty of Versailles, captured the small port of Fiume. This port had been given to Yugoslavia by the Treaty of Versailles. For 15 months, Fiume was governed by an Italian nationalist called dAnnunzio. The newly created League did nothing. The situation was solved by the Italian government who could not accept that dAnnunzio was seemingly more(prenominal) popular than they were so they bombarded the port of Fiume and enforced a surrender. In all this the League played no part despite the fact that it had just been set up with the specific toil of maintaining peace. Teschen (1919)Teschen was a small town between Poland and Czechoslovakia. Its main importance was that it had valuable coal mines there which both the Poles and the Czechs wanted. As both were newly created nations, both wanted to make their respective economies as strong as possible and the acquisition of rich coal mines would certainly help in this respect. In January 1919, Polish an d Czech troops fought in the streets of Teschen. Many died. TheLeague was called on to help and decided that the bulk of the town should go to Poland while Czechoslovakia should have one of Teschens suburbs. This suburb contained the most valuable coal mines and the Poles refused to accept this decision. Though no more wholesale violence took place, the two countries continued to argue over the issue for the coterminous twenty years. capital of Lithuania (1920)Many years before 1920, Vilna had been taken over by Russia. Historically, Vilna had been the capital of Lithuania when the state had existed in the Middle Ages. After World War One, Lithuania had been re-established and Vilna seemed the natural pickax for its capital. However, by 1920, 30% of the population was from Poland with Lithuanians only making up 2% of the citys population. In 1920, the Poles seized Vilna. Lithuania asked for League help but the Poles could not be persuaded to leave the city. Vilna stayed in Polish hands until the outbreak of World War Two. The use of force by the Poles had won. War between Russia and Poland (1920 to 1921)In 1920, Poland invaded land held by the Russians. The Poles quickly overwhelmed the Russian army and made a swift advance into Russia. By 1921, the Russians had no choice but to sign the Treaty of Riga which handed over to Poland nearly 80,000 square kilometres of Russian land. This one treaty all but doubled the size of Poland. What did the League do about this infraction of another country by Poland?The answer is simple nothing. Russia by 1919 was communist and this plague from the East was greatly feared by the West. In fact, Britain, France and America sent troops to attack Russia after the League had been set up. Winston Churchill, the British War Minister, stated openly that the plan was to strangle Communist Russia at birth. Once again, to outsiders, it seemed as if League members were selecting which countries were acceptable and ones which were no t. The Allied invasion of Russia was a failure and it only served to make Communist Russia even more antagonistic to the West. The invasion of the Ruhr (1923)The Treaty of Versailles had ordered Weimar Germany to pay reparations for war damages. These could either be paid in money or in kind (goods to the value of a set amount) In 1922, the Germans failed to pay an installment.They claimed that they merely could not rather than did not want to. The Allies refused to accept this and the anti-German feeling at this time was remedy strong. Both the French and the Belgiums believed that some form of strong action was needed to teach Germany a lesson. In 1923, contrary to League rules, the French and the Belgiums invaded the Ruhr Germanys most important industrial zone. at bottom Europe, France was seen as a senior League member like Britain and the anti-German feeling that was felt throughout Europe allowed both France and Belgium to break their own rules as were introduced by the League.Here were two League members clearly breaking League rules and nothing was done about it. For the League to enforce its will, it needed the support of its major backers in Europe, Britain and France. Yet France was one of the invaders and Britain was a major supporter of her. To other nations, it seemed that if you wanted to break League rules, you could. hardly a(prenominal) countries criticised what France and Belgium did. But the example they set for others in future years was obvious. The League clearly failed on this occasion, originally because it was seen to be involved in breaking its own rules. Italy and Albania (1923)The border between Italy and Albania was far from clear and the Treaty of Versailles had never really addressed this issue. It was a constant source of irritation between both nations. In 1923, a mixed nationality survey team was sent out to settle the issue. Whilst travelling to the disputed area, the Italian section of the survey team, became separ ated from the main party. The five Italians were shot by gunmen who had been in hiding. Italy accused Greece of supply the whole incident and demanded payment of a large fine. Greece refused to pay up.In response, the Italians sent its navy to the Greek island of Corfu and bombarded the coastline. Greece appealed to the League for help but Italy, lead by Benito Mussolini, persuaded the League via the Conference of Ambassadors, to fine Greece 50 million lire. To follow up this success, Mussolini invited the Yugoslavian government to discuss ownership of Fiume. The Treaty of Versailles had given Fiume to Yugoslavia but with the severalize of a bombarded Corfu, the Yugoslavs handed over the port to Italy with little argument

Germany and Sweden as Cmes

To what extent would you regard Germany and Sweden as orderd commercialize economies? 1. Introduction In an era where worldwideism is contemporary, it has fight crucial for countries to liberalize markets and renovate traditional complex body parts. This is particularly important for countries whose kind values and frugal relationships be based on public coordination. This essay is going to explore the degree to which we consider Germany and Sweden as upstart coordinated market economies, and the changes brought about in recent decadiethylstilbesterol.To assess the changes we sh alone expression at veers in trade union and employers association participations, incarnate negociate re stages, dressing governances amendments, renewals in incorporate g everywherenance and fluctuations of lock contrariety first by unc everywhereing the basics in each element and then evaluating their constancy in relation to globalization. 1. 1 What is a coordinated market economy (C ME)?Being one of the go of capitalism in which industrial relations and sparingal conditions be measured, as Bamber, Lansbury and Wailes (2011) state, CMEs break away the axe be employ as an approach for comparing varied countries, with this comparison, it allows us the understanding of convergence and/or divergence between different economies. And in each of the key elements we mentioned, companies in CMEs resolve problems through relational, non-market based strategies and the outcome forget be strongly dependent upon co-operation with supporting institutions. . 1 Past dominance of trade unions and employers associations A key teach in of a CME is the dominance of employers association and trade unions within the countrys industrial relations both Germany and Sweden thrust had a high degree of centralization during the 1980s. Trade unions were a powerful, acting as case for confinement in full-size corporations and also intermediaries of employment between labour an d employers.A common characteristic is that the labour unions in the ii countries manage institutions for all labour participation Hancke (1996) states that in Germany, three quarters of the members of kit and caboodle councils be union members and they coordinate actions with the labour union percentages (Vertrauensleute). In Sweden, crestical anesthetic shopfloor clubs (Verkstadsklubben) not only talk over company agreements with the firmbut also recruit every newly arrived worker.On the other hand, employers associations were also well-managed in both countries for a long post-war period German application federations are able to authorize tete-a-tete firms that are even no longer part of central arrangements on cases snarled in joint negociate, employee educate and other social policies. In Sweden, Kurzer (1993) finds, large companies in the export sector are part of monetary conglomerates holding, which allows for high coordination capacities amongst large firm s. 2. 2 Recent flairs in membershipsHowever, both countries arrive exit little(prenominal) gruelling in the recent decades as both have experienced less union and association densities for the wide individualization of enterp enhances and the falling popularity of collective agreements now with the society seeing less value of group negotiations, which makes the industrial relations less compact compared to before. In Germany, both employers associations and trade unions have been experiencing a slump in the number of members since late mid-nineties.This is particularly evident in industries from Eastern Germany, where many organisations have resigned or become reluctant to join associations and took preference in company level negotiations. Shroeder and Silvia (2007) use the Metals Industry Employers experience to exemplify that employment density in Eastern Germany has fallen oftentimes seve curse than Western Germany. We can notice from the diagram at a lower place th at since 1992, the percentage of Eastern association density has slackd dramatically from over 65%, down to less than 25% in a decade.After the German unification, union members have intelligibly declined, Eurofound (2009) shows that from 1991 to 1998, German Trade Unions lost al around 3. 5 million members. The majority of these resignations were found to be eastern German labour, Eurofound states, leaving the unions because of unemployment and disillusion with the western-type unionism. Data from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD, 2013) win shows the downwards sloping of German Trade Unionists density since 1999 from 25. 3% it has dismounted to 18. 8% in 2009.The principal(prenominal) cause for this trend is due to the loss of traditional dominant union memberships in manucircumstanceuring industries and public sectors, worsened by issues in persuading younger generation in the expanding service industries within private sector. Hence, the valu e of collective agreements has been called into question as it is become extremely surd to positively coordinate the relations between employers associations and trade unions. This is predominant in a growing number of private services industries, Eurofound informs, where concluding collective agreements at all has shown to be increasely difficult or not realizable.Unlike Germany, Sweden on the other hand has dealt with a lot high historical density in trade union members which suffered recent decline but continuously heavy employers associations the decrease in trade unionists is spread evenly between white-collar and blue-collar workers, men and women, and untold than problematic amongst the younger working generation who have less regard for unions a drop in the private sector from 78% in 1993 to 65% in 2009 as shown in the table in a higher(prenominal) place the decrease in membership is of importly due to the governments amendments of the fees to the unemployment ben efits in January 2007, certifyed by Kjellberg (2007) the main objective to significantly amending the funds was to to persuade unions with high fund fees to be much moderate in wage negotiations. As for employers associations, unlike trade unions, its density has been rather stable over the years, with only 2% drop from 1995, private sector labour in 2009 has unflustered got over 75% density in employers associations.Therefore, when compared to Germany, Sweden has a higher degree of coordination in balancing the density of the two sides of its industrial relations over the years, and has remained rather stable if not long-term then this rather forecasts the near time to come of these two economies the abbreviation being Germany becoming more than market-oriented with less collective participation of its social partners, whereas the Swedish economy is more likely to maintain a coordinated market in this sense. 2. 3 Decentralization of collective dicker In this section we tes tament discover that the industrial relations within both countries are becoming more decentralized in the second half of 21st century as the level of collective bargaining decreases, and thitherfore moving further away from a coordinated market dustThe first appearance of Germanys decentralization has actually long been observed by researchers since early post-war periods. Many have argued that the main outcome of this renewal was to avoid the formulate of another centralized super-state, says Johnson (1973). In hope this will ask separated powers of legislation, politics and administration between the government, the federated states and the local authorities, to produce the ideal, good government. pursual such perception, the German economy has been do key amendments in its industrial relations policies extending its collective bargaining with opening clauses into agreements within sectoral level, make scathe more flexible and less controversial.This has been seen as an improvement to preserve organisations from completely abandoning the usage of collective conditions. Such clauses were pose into four categories listed by Schnabel (1998) 1) Hardship Clauses enabling companies to be exempted from certain industry-level bargaining when facing bankruptcy and show signs of making viable strategies for future. 2) Clauses with Veto Rights these give social partners such as managers and works council to negotiate particular agreements colligate to individual firms. 3) Clauses without Veto Rights unlike the anterior category, these clauses empower plant-level social partners to terminate collective price that show signs of irrelevance with industry-level agreements. ) Small Enterprise Clauses gravid special treatment to dispirited companies facing sparing downturn by allowing them to set wages below the minimum level which was collectively agreed upon. In terms of the distribution of such opening clauses, the IAB constitute for Employment Researc h (2005) shows that more than13% of the companies surveyed in both eastern and western Germany that are cover by collective bargaining confirmed that opening clauses exist in their collective agreements. Of these establishments, 52% made use of opening clauses in 2005. However, even with such adjustments in the system, the use of opening clauses will rely heavily on the economic situation of the specific organisation. When the figures are favorable, then such clauses will be employ less often.Compared to its neighbouring countries, Sweden has showed early signs of decentralization beginning late 1980s with government sharing more responsibilities with local administration the most symbolic being the release of free communes, as mentioned by De Vries (2000), a system in which a limited number of communes and counties were allowed to apply for dispensation of state laws, rules and regulations. Together with the downsized central government, proximate attention was then paid to marke t forces and began the establishment of hollow states. One of the nationwide movements was the erosion of collective bargaining within the past two decades, as social partners have become more unbidden to pass on the negotiation on wages and working hours to local level. For instance, certain terms on wages are left intentionally ambiguous to let the local level authority take charge and decide on the specific figures on final rates and figures.However, on that point suave ashes a high degree of controversy as employers harshly pursue a improvements in the bargaining system while attempting to take payment agreements to local levels making to extremes in manual industries such as negotiating wages individually the state is facing difficulties to respond to these demands, because from the perspective of economists, it is most ideal to be any passing centralized or as it was before, greatly decentralized, not somewhere in between. When making decisions, as debated by Eurofound (2009), parties at national level will consider the economy as a hearty and correspond with a collective office, whereas with enterprise leveled agreements, only individual firms stakes are considered but when laid in the middle, parties often lose the acuteness in authority.The national coverage of collective terms the Great Compromiser a high figure in recent period reported by Eurofound (2009), as much as 92% in 2001 and 91% in 2007 however, such coverage figures is extremely misleading in this case with the decreasing rate of unionists and employers associations in Swenden that is, although remaining high above EU average and eternally used as an index to measure the strength of bargaining powers and the extent of benefits received by social partners, less of them are actually being bounded by collective agreements in recent years, making the coverage less effective. 2. 4 Transforming pedagogy and training One of the most noticeable features of a CME is its exceedingl y proficient education and training system the purpose is to have an extremely skilled labour force with skills specific to the industry or enterprise in which they are employed in. Culpepper (2001) states that in order for companies to coordinate employee capabilities and for workers to receive beneficial employment, there are variant ways how a CME manages its training systemsIn Germany, the responsibility of training and education is divided up amongst firms and public authorities, organized on a co-operative, tripartite basis, referred by Hoffmann (2004) the German Dual-system, is acknowledged as worlds leading pattern for high-quality training, business practices and theoretical discipline. The mental institution of the dual-system is built by altering training in vocational schools and private firms, while in-firm training is regulate nationally, the vocational school instruction programs are the responsibility of the Lander (states), Trembaly and Le Bot (2003) mention. Ho wever, the durability of this system has been at the heart and soul of debate ever since the elimination of the nations Training and Apprenticeship Law back in 1969.The model faces numerous challenges in meeting demand from quick changes brought about by modern production systems it is existent to keep a large working population to sustain its framework, but becoming problematic as currently Germany is having an ageing population, hence harder to recruit as many apprentices as forty years ago. As the occupational structure is dependent on collective agreement, when lacking skillful labour, Masden (1990) worries that if in such difficult labour market situation, some firms do not comply to regulations by increasing wages to attract apprentices or, alternatively, poaching apprentices train in other firms, then the wholly system may progressively be brought into question.The decoct of this system also faces a huge dilemma between the increasing demand for theoretical learning amongst younger workers and the higher standard of skills wanted within productive systems, Gehin and Mehaut (1994) discuss it is potentially challenging the logics of the whole system while creating melodic lines of unskilled workers out of the job market. Additionally, issue is raised for the outpaced training speed against technological changes in the modern production system, especially for key requirements in multi-tasked occupations and practical de-compartmentalization. Kern and Schumann (1989) suggest that this trend of demand for theoretical, general and vocational training are increasing and will continue to do so. Therefore, if the dual-system were to be sustained, unsafe adjustments would have to be made to comply with modern requirements.Since the 1940s, new forms of vocational training have taken shape in Swedish organizations, where the majority was still conducted by public institutes. This has started to shift, however, in the final quarter of the century, where responsibility began to move to local authorities from the central government. Following this trend of decentralization, the manufacturing industry in particular, has taken chance to put large investments into different training programmes to enhance productivity. But serious questions has been raised as trainees in the manufacturing sector face challenges with the increase amount of theoretical educationas firms demand for workers with better theoretical knowledge began to soar at the same time, Lundahl and Sander (1998) mention.With this given background in Sweden, four models of education and training are used to demonstrate the degree to which coordination is deteriorating and decentralization has taken place firstly, we have to acknowledge that the demand for labour competence has changed vastly with the increasing demand of ball education amongst new workforce and the general rise of demand for new products and practices in organisations. Within the industrial programme, th e most controversial of all models, as Lundalh and Sander (1998) describe, a system in which inhibits a typical characteristic of education in workshops (arbetsforlagd utbildning) although very intensive and effective, it requires a large amount of time in workshops and includes theory as well as practical exercises. Many firms are reluctant to take initiatives as they argue that not enough human capital or time can be allocated to give proper training to each group of trainees.Continuously debated by researchers, such as Olofsson (1997), is the relevant application of the apprenticeship system onto modern organisations as its value has been rethought alongside secondary education, now deserted in most large cities, remaining exclusive to areas such as Svedala. The third model, Firms Schooling, is a highly demanding system that require 50% more time input and only submits students with outstanding performance, applied only in large enterprises such as Volvo or Scania where intensiv e training is seen as obligatory to match supranational competition. Lastly, Technical Programmes is widely accepted by municipalities with provisions of extra vocational studies, and also organizations can be more involved in supervision. It is a co-operation between groups of firms in terms of common facilities and cost-sharing, and has become more popular after producing impressive recruitment effects.According to Trembaly and Le Bot (2003), several amendments were proposed to reform the German system succeeding(a) the listed principles 1) modernization of regulation, 2) inclusion of new occupational fields, 3) mutual recognition of the various parts of the system and 4) distinction of training. Hence, in order to adapt to evolving market demands, the German training system still is, and demand to be coordinated by public authority to a great extent to aid the private sector in improving employability, incorporating occupations and general training. As for Sweden, the transit ion of training responsibility onto individual organizations from local authority is due to its failure to provide emerging labour with desired competence.At the present, different methods are implemented by firms that deliver contrasting quality levels in training programmes this is hugely differentiated from traditional forms of Swedish vocational training. The four models all demonstrate a degree of success but act more as a forecast of future vocational practices in Sweden the extinction of conventional industrial programmes, further proving the liberation of Swedish economy from central coordination. 2. 5 hot models for Corporate Governance In terms of corporate governance, a CME is established through the solid relationships between its pecuniary institutions and private organizations. In this section we shall look specifically at the role of public financial institutions and other external stakeholders on the corporate operations of organizationsIn Germany, there was defin itely a strong coordination of economic exchanges between industrial companies and institutions by delegacy of cross-shareholding, supported by many scholars and again proves Halls relational view of CMEs such dear relationships and interlocking between board members of different companies and financial institutions such as banks and insurance companies, Hopt and Prigge (1998) also support, which coordination compound the countrys main characteristics of corporate governance, unneurotic with heavy reliance on personal connections. It is immanent to discover the features of the German model before discussing the reforms in recent years there is a everyday banking system that permits banks to possess equity shares in industrial organisations allowing banks to alter companys decisions. Porter (1992) refers this as the shareholder direction situation since more the equity share, the larger the influence. This relationship between banks and firms is long-term and sensibly stable because as well as equity, the banks also provide a large share of debt and carries usable management in the firms finance, this strongly protects companies from being taken over.To get further involved with company decisions banks are able to release proxy votes, as clarified by Onetti and Pisoni (2009), this is done in relation to votes related to direct equity shares, for instance by exercising the voting rights for the shares that retail customers deposit with them. Consequently, this gives more authority to banks in public firms. Since the German model is heavily influenced by banks, the stock market has therefore a small role to bear in corporate governance, proved by the IMF World Economic Outlook (2007) the fact that during 1990 to 2005, the capitalization as a percentage of GDP in Germany was only 38%, compared to 132% in UK, a much more liberal market economy.Since the shareholding in Germany is usually long-term with companies, there is a bilateral of equity connections between firms themselves and firms and banks, creating a system of cross-sharing. Despite its robust features mentioned, the Germany corporate governance system is plication due to socio-economic changes brought about internally and externally the globalization of Germany markets, enabling the listing of top companies on international stock exchanges, such as Daimler being traded on the freshly York Stock Exchange. There is a substantial increase in the amount of external investment in domestic industries, referred to by Jurgens et al. (2000) as the turn point in the transformation of the German system of corporate governance.Due to recent economic recessions that caused a twine of bankruptcies in German markets, banks have started to reduce the amount of their corporate equity in shareholding as more value is discovered in freer financial markets, stated by Jurgens and Rupp (2002), and began to focus more on economic performance this in turn gave more freedom to the financial market legalizing numerous new financial choices for companies. On the other side, Swedish corporate governance consists of a great division of ownership from manage by means of pyramids, dual class shares, and cross-holding that increases the potential for private benefits of control, cited by Holmen and Knopf (2004).The basic structures are formed by two types of partnerships first, it is between entrepreneurs and rich families, then there is the alliance between engineers and applied science innovators. fewtimes Sweden is described as an extreme version of Rhineland model, as Habbard (2008) stresses, it contains corporations that are owned by big industrial groups, privileging organic growth and features of a typical CME. Taking a closer look at the Swedish model of ownership we notice that the power is usually held by one to two owners, who are most of the time wealthy families. Henrekson and Jakobsson (2003) conclude that regarding controlling ownership, the Swedish ownersh ip model thus resembles the predominant corporate governance model on the European continent.The rigidity and concentration of this structure has been based on a few important Swedish families and banks, Habbarb (2008) continues Wallenberg, Lundberg, Stenbeck, Klingspor, Von Horn families and Svenska Handelsbanken SHB, Skandinaviska Enskilda Banken SEB banks. There are two main fundamental differences when Sweden is compared to other European corporate models the whole ownership of shares on the stock exchange is controlled by just a few holders. Secondly, the capital base that this ownership is constructed on, is usually much smaller compared to other EU countries. Nevertheless, even the most stable models have their weaknesses. During the last two decades, there had been some drastic transformations in the corporate models within Swedish organizations.The most challenging is the rise of foreign investment and ownership in domestic firms. This has been more dramatic than any other industrialized countries in Europe, shifting the power of control and operation from foreign owners. Hence, as Henrekson and Jakobsson (2003) propose, new models are likely to form under the inadequacy of the traditional one first and the least likely it is the complete ownership by foreign investors where domestic firms transform into subsidiaries to companies such as multinationals. Dispersed ownership, as in shared ownership between foreign investors and Swedish owners where no one supersede the other in terms of control.Having an external institution such as the state pension or corporatist as owners more verisimilar as currently joined with the central government they are already biggest shareholders of stock exchange. Lastly and most likely to surface is the ownership by entrepreneurs supported by public authorities especially during crisis where governments put more faith in worthy investors to The observed changes in the financial exchanges within German economy forecasts a certain extent of convergence towards a market-oriented financial model. However, due to the deep roots of German customs in its bank-firm relation, certain aspects of its corporate governance will remain nchanged in the near future due to the emphasis placed on Mitbestimmung, or co-decision and co-responsibility culture quoted by Hacketal et al. (2003) and other scholars in refutation of the German persistency in relational structure. On the other side, the predictions for corporate governance amendments are various in shape and none will be take over completely in the future. Some conceive of more coordination from the government and other less so. But it is for certain that the old model will lose its dominance over time and the Swedish overall corporate structure will become more market-oriented for economic wellbeing. 2. 6 Wage distribution and inequalityA CME should not only have a highly skilled workforce but when compared to liberal market economies, it should also high w age levels with low dissemination across different deciles of its population. It is essential to look at our two countries starting from the 1990s to have a deeper insight of the impact of the great recession upon its income distributions over the following years, and to verify whether the advancement in modern socio-economic models have weakened their coordination powers. From the study conducted by Bach, Corneo and Steiner (2007), there proved to be a general rise in the dispersion of German market incomes between 1992 and 2003.Using the Gini coefficient, as a standard summary indicator to measure the equality of income levels we can observe that dispersion of market income from the average earners has increased substantially since the 1990s from 0. 6155 it has gone up to 0. 6522 in 2003. As detailed by the following table, the median income has dropped by more than 30%, being 12. 496 per individual in 1992, compared to 8,173 in 2003. An obvious trend is the accumulation of marke t income on the top percentile of income earners. Back in 2003, around 41% of total market income was composited within the higher percentile earners. Bach, Corneo and Steiner further point out that this group was formed by about 640 individuals, with an average income of 16 million euro, excluding capital gains.The sources of rising inequality in German income levels are as follow the inactive numbers have steeply gone up in the past two decades, Biewen and Juhasz (2010) note that in 2005, there were an estimated peak of five million people registered out of work, with more unemployment growth concentrated in the lower part of the income distribution. This creates a larger income inequality as a huge part of the low-income population is unemployed, losing their potential income. The different changes in taxation schemes although it was reduced overall, it has favored top income earners than the rest, distorting the original distribution of income levels.Moreover, the transition i n domestic structure such as more single parents and smaller family sizes that have drastically differed from past family average income patterns, as studies by Peichl et al. (2010). Lastly, with the ageing population Germany now has a much narrower age segment of young adults, and a greater demand for qualification in addition to other factors in demographics that contribute to the wider dispersion of income levels. Although at a very low level, Sweden has also experienced an increasing inequality of income distribution in its income market. The trend has began since the early 1990s, caused if not worsened by the economic crisis, famed by Palme et al. 2003), as the Gross Domestic Product had been consecutively negative for three years 1990-1993, together with the declining employment rate that is more than 10 percent during the period. Then there was an increased number of workers involved in labour market policies, Palme (2006) mentions that triggered a crisis for the public fina nces which was then responded by a confederacy of tax increases and benefits cut. This had further burdened households income levels. We can see from the table that there was a decrease in annual average disposable income from 1992 (1991 as the base year) with 138,000 to 126,000 in 1995, that only managed to pick up again in 1997.However, the figures provided by Fritzell (2001) showed an upward trend of average disposable income levels after the crisis first, it was due to the rapid rise in capital gains hat helped the top income percentile with higher earnings, secondly, the wage per hour was increased in all registered occupations. , this was however, slowed down by the growing unemployment in the same period. To measure the inequality of income dispersion, we will again use the Gini coefficient and the poverty rate. The inequality has risen since the beginning of 1990s, Palme (2006) proves, from 0. 219 it has increased to its peak 0. 279 in 2000. The drive is the adjustments i n the taxation systems that strongly affected households in making serious financial decisions. Despite the economic slump during the 1990s, poverty rate in Sweden has not changed largely which is phenomenal considering the extent of the recession all European countries faced.It is not until 1999 where poverty started to pick up but is again astonishing as Swedish employment figures were still healthy even when compared internationally. Conclusively, German central coordination is losing its battle to market powers, becoming less effective in moderating wage equality in recent decade, as the intention of property a low dispersion of income levels has began to give way modern socio-economic developments. Sweden, however, when compared to the rest of European countries, is doubtless a strongly CME in terms of moderating its equality of market income levels and keeping its poverty rate to the low and most stable within the union. 3. ConclusionChanging demographics, socio-economic and technological patterns have created mass distortion in traditional market structures in both Germany and Sweden. After looking at them in five different aspects, we learn that there is decreasing participation of social partners in collective terms in both countries but much less in Sweden, thus a decreasing value for collective bargaining wage inequality is more dispersed in Germany than in Sweden while corporate structure in both countries have become more market-oriented in time but still retains usage of old models and German still contains a mixture of public training whereas Sweden is moving quicker towards privatized programmes.Conclusively, although both countries have become less coordinated than few decades ago, Germany has got a greater degree of decentralization compared to Sweden, taking higher level of reforms in its economic structures while Sweden tends to cling more onto traditional coordination values. 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