The Battle of the Alamo 1836 - Texas Revolution

The Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini - 1394 Words

â€Å"There is a way to be good again†(Hosseini,2). This thought represents the underlying message of the novel The Kite Runner, as author Khaled Hosseini tells a heartbreaking tale of a lifetime spent in the search of redemption for a â€Å"past of unatoned sins† (Hosseini, 1). Very often people undergo numerous internal conflicts throughout their lives, and they find that some of their problems change who they are as a person. Most people will not have the courage or the motivation to deal with and fix their problems, however, Khaled Hosseini’s novel inspires people to face and deal with internal conflicts. In the book The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini, the main character Amir constantly struggles with guilt about his childhood mistakes and he finds it very hard to deal with them. The ending of The Kite Runner appropriately concludes the story because it portrays a journey of redemption for a childhood betrayal and ends with a hopeful message of new beginning s and freedom from past sins. One important reason why the ending appropriately concludes the novel is because in the end, the main character, Amir redeems himself of his past childhood mistakes by going out of his way to be a man that he can be proud of. Throughout the story, Amir is ashamed of himself and feels guilty for the many mistakes he made as a child back in Kabul. A turning point in his life is when he betrays Hassan, his best friend and family servant. Amir hides in the shadows, doing nothing, saying nothing, andShow MoreRelatedThe Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini883 Words   |  4 Pagesregret from past encounters and usually feel guilty and bitter about the situation. The Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini, revolves around the theme of redemption. Redemption can be used as a cure for guilt. Throughout the novel, the author shows that redemption requires some sort of sacrifice and the only way that is possible is if you can forgive yourself from the mistakes you have made in the past. Khaled Hosseini effectively portrays redemption through motifs such as rape, irony and flashbacks, symbolismRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1651 Words   |  7 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚   The novel â€Å"The Kite Runner† by Khaled Hosseini describes the life of a boy, Amir. Amir’s best friend and brother (although that part isn’t known until towards the end), Hassan, plays a major role in Amir’s life and how he grows up. Hosseini portrays many sacrifices that are made by Hassan and Amir. Additionally, Amir seeks redemption throughout much of the novel. By using first person point of view, readers are able to connect with Amir and understand his pain and yearning for a way to be redeemedRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1655 Words   |  7 PagesSarah Singer Major Works Data Form Title: The Kite Runner Author: Khaled Hosseini Date of Publication: 2003 Genre: Historical Fiction Historical information about the period of publication: Since the September 11th attacks in 2001, the United States has been at war with Afghanistan. Their goals were to remove the Taliban, track down those in charge of the attacks, and destroy Al-Qaeda. Biographical information about the author: Khaled Hosseini was born in Kabul, Afghanistan, in 1965. HIs motherRead MoreThe Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini1098 Words   |  5 PagesIn The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, we learn a lot about Amir the main character, and Hassan his servant/brother. In the beginning Hassan and Amir’s relationship was one of brotherly love despite the fact that Hassan was a Hazara and Amir a Pashtun. Back in the 1970’s race and religion played a big part in Kabul and these two races were not suppose to have relationships unless it was owner (Pashtun) and servant (Hazara). Baba Amir’s father had an affair with Hassan’s mother, but it was kept aRead MoreThe Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini1313 Words   |  5 Pagesis not unique to just J.K. Rowling. Khaled Hosseini also incorporates life experiences into some of his novels. A prime example of this is The Kite Runner. The storyline of this novel reflects his past to create a journey of a young Afghanistan boy, whose name is Amir. This boy changes drastically throughout his lifetime from a close minded, considerably arrogant boy to an open hearted and minded man. This emotional and mental trip is partially based on Khaled Hosseini’s own life. Throughout Hosseini’sRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1908 Words   |  8 Pages​In the novel, â€Å"The Kite Runner†, written by Khaled Hosseini, was taken place in Afghanistan during the 1970’s to the year of 2002. Many historical events happened during this time period and Hosseini portrayed it into his novel. Kabul, the capitol of Afghanistan, was a free, living area for many Afghanistan families to enjoy the life they were given. Until one day, Afghanistan was then taken over and attacked. In the novel, Amir, the protagonist, must redeem himself and the history behind his actionsRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1050 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"There is a way to be good again.† (Hosseini 334). This quote given by Rahim Khan to Amir holds a great amount of force and symbolism. In theory, this quote symbolizes the beginning of Amir’s path to redemption. The eye-opening Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini tells about the struggles of Afghanistan before and during the Taliban, and one’s struggle for redemption and acceptance. With regards to the opening quote, some see Amir’s actions as selfish. However, others may believe that Amir truly changedRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini1583 Words   |  7 Pagesnovel the Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, Amir, the main character, shares his thoughts and actions due to his poor decisions. The problems he encountered were all because of the sin committed in his youth. His sins taunted the beginning of his life and gave him a troublesome memory full of guilt. As the novel continued, Amir attempted to disengage the memory of his sin and forget about it. Amir then faced the long bumpy road to redemption. Khaled Hosseini’s novel the Kite Runner is about sinRead MoreThe Kite Runner, by Khaled Hosseini871 Words   |  4 Pagesthat person is trying to fix that mistake. This also applies to the novel The Kite Runner. The story revolves around the main character Amir, and his childhood friend, Hassan. After Amir came to America with Baba, his father, he still regrets the things he had done to his childhood friend. He left Hassan getting raped by Assef in a small alley in 1975. Thereafter, Amir always feel regret and seeks for redemption. Hosseini -the author, argues that redemption can be achieved by helping others, teachRead MoreThe Kite Runner By Khaled Hosseini3402 Words   |  14 Pagestitle â€Å"The Kite Runner† is symbolic as fighting kites and the kite runnings are impacting moments in the novel. Hassan was the best kite runner in Kabul, if not the whole country, after Amir won the kite fighting the running of that last blue kite triggered the monumental changes for Amir. For the beginning of the story the kite running was associated with Hassan’s rape and Amir’s grief. As kites appear throughout the story, they begin Amir’s story and also end it. Amir flying the kite with Sohrab

Medical Confidentiality Laws and Ethics

Question: Discuss about theMedical Confidentialityfor Laws and Ethics. Answer: Introduction The word confidentiality means defined limitation or restriction to access, communicate and disclose certain sensitive information under the guidance of laws and ethics. This confidentiality is highly dependent on laws that lead to formation of rules for confidentiality maintenance in any field[1]. In terms of medical scenario, the relationship of communicating information between doctors and patients is managed by rules and regulations of medical confidentiality designed using legal norms. This legal formation and protection of confidentiality help to maintain a balance in the flow of information at the time of physician-patient discussion, treatment and communication processes[2] [3]. The duty of confidentiality management and maintenance is considered as a non-negotiable principle of medical practices from viewpoint of practitioners, lawmakers, patients and other authorities, however, still, there are situations, norms, conditions and factors that challenge confidentiality leading to the development of complexity[4]. One such issue of factors highlighted in the reading of Loughrey is vulnerability occurring towards the childrens rights of confidentiality compared to adults confidentiality in the medical scenario. The Loughreys statement It seems.that competent childrens right to confidentiality is more vulnerable than that of competent adults is been critically analysed in this study to understand this complexity of confidentiality. This statement indicates that children confidentiality is in medical scenario highly exploited when compared to adult confidentiality. Therefore, the learner in this study tries to deeply analyse and justify the rationale and veracity of this statement by Loughrey. Medical Confidentiality and General Principles In the medical scenario, confidentiality is the patients right and has to be respected in all possible manners by the professionals who are guided to maintain confidentiality. This is considered to be a very important part of trust bond between the professionals (doctors and nurses) and the patient. It is the legal and ethical duty of medical professional to maintain confidentiality and the failure to perform so can only be justified by the beneficence and non-maleficence ethics of medical practice. Therefore, professionals need to keep all the information related to the patient confidential and they could only reveal information about the involvement of patient consent[5]. In various literature studies performed by[6], confidentiality is a right of patient that should be respected by the entire medical team. The patient consent and willingness to share information is the most important and exploited part of confidentiality. According to[7] the patient is required to be competent as per certain criteria to ensure his or her capability of providing consent. The patient needs to have a general understanding about their confidentiality decision, knowledge about the consequences of their decision, retain decision-related information and also be able to communicate their decision. These are competency criteria that make patient capable enough to provide consent and make decisions related to their confidential information. In contrast, various factors like age, mental status, intelligence, knowledge, awareness etc. affects this decision-making competency of patients that complexes the confidentiality processes in the medical scenario. [8] Williams studied the zone of information considered to be confidential that involves medical records, personal details (name, age, address, sexuality, marital status etc.), health conditions, illnesses, appointment records, on-going treatments, audio/visual recordings, fact of a person being your patient. The legal and ethical mechanism principles of confidentiality involve Common Law, Statute law (Data Protection Act 1998), Rights and Regulatory bodies (roles, responsibilities, employment contract). Any kind of act to disclosure to confidential information persist a risk of legal action by the patient or the investigating body. Professionals to address the confidentiality service in medical scenario follow the Confidentiality Model that is based on four steps that are Protect, Inform, Provide Choice and Improve. The principle of protect allows practitioner take care of information, inform ensure patient awareness about the use of information, provide choice helps in patient decision making process and improve involves choice of better options to maintain confidentiality[9]. Patient Rights and Vulnerability The three most basic rights of patients or individuals regarding their confidentiality involve understanding about the use of their information and purpose of their information being processed, access to all information and getting their information corrected if inaccurate. These rights help the patient and professionals to maintain a balance of information flow until and unless affected by certain vulnerability factors[10]. In previous times, children and minors were not considered fit for making decisions related to healthcare and were considered incompetent due to age factor. The parents own authority to make decisions related to healthcare, however, in contemporary times this viewpoint is modified and the law considered childrens voice a major part of their treatment process considering maturity and competency as the potential of children as well. There are rights and laws that provide them with the authority to take a medical decision as per their will power[11]. The competency power of minor or children is determined as per their age, experience, judgement skills, maturity level, separation from parents status, the demeanour of minor and their situation complexity. [12]studied that in normal situations parents have the right to make healthcare decisions including confidentiality for minors or children except the emancipated and mature children having the competency to take their own decision. However, except the life-threatening situations and treatments are considered out of their control. As per law, confidentiality decision is the right of pregnant minor, married minor, armed service minor, minor living independently and victim of sexual abuse or assault. However, confidentiality of minors or children is highly exploited compared to adults in the healthcare system. [13]indicated that all the medical information of individual is protected as per state and federal regulations but the confusing state of children self-determination creates a challenge in confidentiality formation. Some of the states and regions collaborate the ability of medical decisions making with the ability of consent and confidentiality of minors, however, there are some s tates that exploit the confidentiality right of minor by allowing disclosure of information against the will of children. Therefore, there is no stability available for the childrens right to confidentiality. Issues in Protecting and Maintaining Confidentiality of Children As per Loughrey statement, it is true that childrens right f confidentiality is exploited or vulnerable compared to adults confidentiality right. This vulnerability occurs due to various complex issues that harness the protection and maintenance of childrens consent and right of confidentiality. The very first issue is the potential conflict between the autonomy of competent children rights of confidentiality and beneficence of professionals[14]. There are studies [15]that report cases where medical professionals are not able to recognise the line between childrens rights to confidentiality and their law of duty. The professional guidelines provide the practitioner with the guidelines to maintain and respect childrens right to confidentiality, however, the dilemma occurs when parents are willing to get involved in this decision-making process and opposing their childrens decision. In some cases, this is for childrens benefit and in some professional can suspect child abuse. Therefore , this situation creates exploitation of children confidentiality rights. Another issue exploiting the childrens right of confidentiality is their parents access and right to get medical information of their kids which cant be denied by professionals. The children competency is considered as secondary factor in this scenario because if professionals want they can share the medical information with the parents of children leading to vulnerability of childrens confidentiality[16]. Further, [17]studied that in more than 70% cases professionals generally, dont take risk of hiding childrens medical information irrespective of their right to confidentiality. In maximum cases, this is done to provide best possible treatment irrespective of childrens will or desire. The no legal consideration and regulations provided by English law regarding the patient-practitioner confidentiality relationship also leads to the vulnerability of childrens confidentiality. However, Common law determines the concept of confidential relationship where confidence duty is established once any confidential information is shared between patient and professional. But, this concept does not involve any legal consideration leading to confidentiality breaching issues. There are situations where professional need to share children medical information with other professionals or authorities like managers, counsellors etc. leading to exploitation of childrens confidentiality. However, the occurrence of this situation is very low in adult confidentiality because the legal considerations of adult confidentiality are clearly described and explained to professionals[18] [19]. As per European Convention on Human Rights, Article -8 every individual including children and adults have right to confidentiality under a level of maturity. This maturity involves a persons ability to express the view or communicate or take medical decisions. But, the confidentiality becomes a difficult phenomenon in case of harnessed maturity due to the occurrence of mental health issues. Generally, children in growing stage of life develop certain mental health issues like depression, learning disability etc. that remain unrecognised at this small age. But the medical professionals catch up these mental health issues as soon as they communicate with these children and to safeguard their duty of care for children, the exploitation of confidentiality has to occur. However, in case of adults this situation is rare because generally the mental health status or issues of adults are detected till that age[20]. [21]studied that Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA, 1996) consider parents as personal representative of their children allowing them right to access the minor information and records leading to the vulnerability of childs privacy rights. However, HIPAA provides rules for parents regarding the access to childrens medical information but still this confirms the vulnerability of childrens right to confidentiality within lawful standards. In contrast, there is no such rule for adult confidentiality rights where adults own complete power to maintain their confidentiality. These are certain most common issues that affect the childrens right of confidentiality in the medical scenario. Legal and Ethical Dilemmas in Children Confidentiality There are various ethical and legal dilemmas that occur in maintaining childrens confidentiality due to the conflict between different laws and ethics. The professional duty of care is a major legal restriction that leads to the vulnerability of childrens confidentiality right. This duty of care is completely supported by beneficence and non-maleficence ethics to govern medical services. In contrast, this beneficence and non-maleficence affect the patients autonomy and right to treatment[22]. This ethical dilemma is rare in case of adult confidentiality because adult patients autonomy is considered above beneficence and non-maleficence ethics except in the life-threatening situations[23]. The religious and philosophical rights of parents also exploit the confidentiality of competent adults and the medical professional needs to address these religious and philosophical rights of parents as a part of their professional standards. In the case of confidentiality relationship with a minor patient the professional needs to disclose information for the religious and philosophical interest of patient as per professional code of practice where it is mandatory to respect the cultural beliefs of patients and their families. However, this is not applicable for life-threatening treatment process [24]. Further, [25]indicated that as per legal perspective and ground rules of confidentiality, the parents are considered to have legal authority regarding the minor treatment process that hinders the confidentiality rights of a minor. In the viewpoint of the practitioner as well as parents it is the legal right of parents to refer the medical information about children. There is no specific legal and ethical framework that can work to control the effect of this legal authority exploiting the confidentiality rights of children. Another legal restriction that lead to children confidentiality vulnerability is The Freedom of Information Act 2000/2012 where professionals need to share information for proper management in healthcare scenario. However, information sharing process also affects the confidentiality of adults in an equal manner but it causes exploitation of childrens confidentiality in cases such as minor pregnancy, rape, sexual abuse, sexually transmitted disease or HIV. For example- The information sharing related to abortion od a married or adult women would not cause any personal or mental harassment to that patient but a minor involved in the similar situation would become a victim of harassment if their information is shared in the medical scenario. However, there are legal frameworks like Children and Young People Bill (Scotland), National Child Protection Guidance 2010 etc. that protect minors from information sharing vulnerability but still it cause negative effect when compared to confident iality of adults in medical scenario [26]. Confidentiality is derived from case law being a legal obligation within professional codes of conduct. The Case law or Common law or judge-made law is basically based on precedent or previous cases describe confidentiality as the client or patient information held on computer, paper, audio or visual record and memory of professional can never be disclosed irrespective of patient consent or clinically applicable circumstances. Therefore, professional needs to provide a solid justification regarding any act of disclosure made by them. This solid justification needs to overrule the individuals right of confidentiality. However, case law provides an equal right of confidentiality to children and adults in clinical circumstances but still vulnerability of childrens right to confidentiality is high compared to adults confidentiality due to the existence of other legal obligations that overrule the case law for children confidentiality. The Ethical standards and State laws make the childre n confidentiality right a flexible one where it is ethically correct to disclose children medical information and exploit their autonomy for providing best treatment irrespective of the patient consent [27]. There are certain state laws and regulations that hinder the pathway of case law functionality especially in regards with children confidentiality. This could be explained with example There are states who provide authority to professionals to make the decision for informing the parents of children involves in substance abuse or alcoholism irrespective of patients consent and make decisions that are best for treatment interest of a particular child. In contrast, some states do not allow disclosure of such information without the patient consent. Therefore, the functionality of case law is disrupted as per the state law present in particular region. Another legal consideration that leads to the vulnerability of children confidentiality rights is Gillick competence that persist origination in England Medical Law. As per this Gillick competence provides an opportunity to decide wheather 16 years or younger child is competent enough to provide consent and make medical decisions. This Gillick competence clashes with the Fraser Guidelines creating vulnerability and confusion regarding the competency of minors involved in the consent process for treatment. The Fraser Guidelines favour permission for minor consent only for issues related to contraception, pregnancy and unprotected sex. However, Gillick competence favours the determination of minor competency by professionals in all health related matter. Hence, this confusion is another reason leading to vulnerability of minor confidentiality rights in healthcare scenario [28]. The clinical practices and professional guidelines also lead to the vulnerability of minors confidentiality rights. There are factors, situations and circumstances creating vulnerability hindering the minor confidentiality pathway. The very first duty of professional is to Structure the therapeutic relationship and to establish this relationship there is sharing of information between patients and professional that is confidential in some cases. However, there are situations where therapist or professionals need to disclose such information for the best interest of the patient leading to exploitation of minor confidentiality as well as the breach in a therapeutic relationship also breaking the trust of the patient. Another professional standard is to maintain Confidentiality and Privacy that conflicts with standard of disclosing confidential information to provide professional services in regards with minor treatment also leads to vulnerability of minor confidentiality as well as privacy in healthcare scenario. This standard conflict creates major vulnerability in confidentiality of adolescence involved in immature pregnancy, abortion, and sexual abuse, HIV etc. [29] Further, [30]studied that professional standards meant to provide confidentiality actually, creates confusion and vulnerability to the minor confidentiality. Some of the most controversial standards involve sharing information with the healthcare team, providing a duty of care, disclosure to protect patient or others, research purposes and other secondary utilisation of information. However, the terms and conditions related to each standard is properly defined but still it creates more vulnerability to the competent minors right of confidentiality compared to adult confidentiality in healthcare scenario under various circumstances. Laws, regulations, ethical guidance, clinical judgement and agency policies directly challenge the confidentiality right in minors creating conflict and dilemma. There is still much more need to refine the confidentiality case law with respect to these legal, state and ethical considerations for providing confidentiality. The medical professional considers themselves on horns facing such controversial situation in everyday practice because the scenario of minor confidentiality still remains disorderly managed in medical practice. However, this situation or vulnerability is not confronted in adult confidentiality because there are certain other rights, medical directorate, consent rights, psychological and cognitive development factors that consider adult patient perfect enough to make their medical decision without arose of the dilemma. Thus, as per Loughreys statement It seems.that competent childrens right to confidentiality is more vulnerable than that of competent adults [31]. Conclusion From the study on critical analysis the mentioned Loughrey statement it is true that competent children right of confidentiality are exploited in the healthcare system when compared to adult confidentiality rights and conditions. There are various positive and negative factors, situations, circumstances as well as law and ethics that favour this vulnerability either for the benefit of minor patients, clinical judgement or professional practice. The most critical factor leading to vulnerability is the authority and right of parents to get information about their childrens treatment that works against the confidentiality will of children. Further, legal and ethical dilemma or clashes also lead to this vulnerability that is not so common in adult confidentiality. It is also been denoted in this study that there is lacking formula or process to determine abilities and decision-making capabilities of children in healthcare standards. There is some law that favour minor participation in the decision-making process related to medical information but still the conflict occurs because of drought on minor competency. However, fortunately, these issues and conditions are rare creating vulnerability but if they occur the professionals involved have to bear the responsibility of outcomes. Therefore, professionals and administration placed in the centre of conflict must be aware of the minor interest, parents interest and the state to avoid the vulnerability of minor confidentiality rights. Bibliography Barr J and Dowding L, Leadership In Health Care (SAGE 2012) Biggs H, Healthcare Research Ethics And Law (Routledge-Cavendish 2010) Brann M, 'Health Care Providers' Confidentiality Practices And Perceptions: Expanding A Typology Of Confidentiality Breaches In Health Care Communication' (2007) 8 Qualitative Research Reports in Communication Confidentiality In Adolescent Health Care' (2010) 14 Nursing for Women's Health. Cox C and Hill M,Professional Issues In Primary Care Nursing(Blackwell Pub 2010) Davidson G, 'The Ethics Of Confidentiality: Introduction' (2015) 30 Australian Psychologist Gilbert A, Rickert V and Aalsma M, 'Clinical Conversations About Health: The Impact Of Confidentiality In Preventive Adolescent Care' (2014) 55 Journal of Adolescent Health Gill M and Jordan P, 'UK Conference Report: Confidentiality And CollaborationThe Ethics Of Information Sharing In Health And Social Care' (2012) 6 Ethics and Social Welfare Gustafsson S and others, 'Self-Care For Minor Illness' (2014) 16 Primary Health Care Research Development Harris A, 'The Ethics And Confidentiality Committee And Research Ethics Committees' (2010) 6 Research Ethics Hastings A, Redsell S and Stephenson T,Listening To Children And Young People In Health Care Consultations(Radcliffe Publishing 2010) Helgesson G, 'Informants A Potential Threat To Confidentiality In Small Studies' (2014) 18 Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy Jackson M, Burns K and Richter M, 'Confidentiality And Treatment Decisions Of Minor Clients: A Health ProfessionalS Dilemma Policy Makers Challenge' (2014) 3 SpringerPlus Jaruseviciene L, Zaborskis A and Lazarus J, 'Public Expectations Concerning Confidentiality Protection Of Adolescents Sexual And Reproductive Health Care In Lithuania: Findings Of The Surveys Conducted In 2005 And 2012' (2014) 19 The European Journal of Contraception Reproductive Health Care Joly Y and Knoppers B,Routledge Handbook Of Medical Law And Ethics(Taylor and Francis 2014) Ligeois A and Eneman M, 'Conditional Shared Confidentiality In Mental Health Care' (2014) 18 Medicine, Health Care and Philosophy Loughrey, J, Can you keep a secret? Children, human rights, and the law of medical confidentiality [2008] CFLQ 312 Lowrance W,Privacy, Confidentiality, And Health Research(Cambridge University Press 2012) Magnusson R, 'Privacy, Confidentiality And HIV/AIDS Health Care' (2010) 18 Australian Journal of Public Health McGowan C, 'Patients' Confidentiality' (2012) 32 Critical Care Nurse Ryan C, Callaghan S and Large M, 'Communication, Confidentiality And Consent In Mental Health Care' (2014) 200 The Medical Journal of Australia Sanders C, 'Discussing The Limits Of Confidentiality: The Impact Of Criminalizing HIV Nondisclosure On Public Health Nurses' Counseling Practices' (2014) 7 Public Health Ethics Stirrat G, 'Teaching And Learning Medical Ethics And Law In UK Medical Schools' (2010) 5 Clinical Ethics Van Liew J, 'Balancing Confidentiality And Collaboration Within Multidisciplinary Health Care Teams' (2012) 19 Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings

With The Advent Of The Feminist Movement, The Role Of Women In Essays

With the advent of the feminist movement, the role of women in all parts of society has come under increasing scrutiny. One area of recent controversy is the role of women in the Christian Church. Some churches whose traditions and practices are less rigidly tied to Biblical doctrines have begun placing women in leadership positions such as pastor or teacher. Other churches which interpret the Bible more literally have been slow to adopt such changes. Much of the confusion is based on attempts to interpret scriptures pertaining to women. In this essay, we will use the Bible to understand the role of women in the church of the first century and apply that understanding to the church of the twentieth century. Many people would dispute the Bible's relevance to contemporary thought in general, and in particular to the role of women in worship. If the Bible were not written under divine inspiration, a person or practice is not bound by its teachings. He or she can therefor pick and choose whatever corresponds to his/her point of view. However, if the Bible is of divine inspiration, then a cautious consideration of passages relevant to a particular issue must be undertaken. Traditions and customs that have arisen after the Bible was written may thus be carefully scrutinized. Such practices may or may not prove sound after comparison with scripture. Before we discuss specific issues concerning women in worship, we should consider principles derived from the relationship of Adam and Eve as described in Genesis chapter one. The Apostle Paul frequently uses this passage as a guideline when discussing women and women's issues. Genesis 1 verse 27 states: "So God created man in his own image, in the image of God he created him; male and female he created them." Most Commentators agree that man and woman are both equally a reflection of God's image; the word "man" here is used as a synonym for humanity. Adam and Eve were also given joint dominion over creation. But the fact that Adam was created before Eve has significance to Paul and other Old Testament scholars; it signifies role distinction between the two sexes. The role of the man is leadership, while the role of woman is as a source of strength and support. In the letter to the Ephesians, Paul states: "For the husband is the head of the wife as Christ is the head of the church. . ." (Eph. 5:23) This is an important analogy. If a person wants to understand the Christian authority of a man over his wife, he must consider how Christ demonstrated his leadership as head over the Church. Primarily, he gave his life for his church, not using force or coercion for her submission. When considering mens and woman's ministry in the church, it is important to keep in mind this role distinction. Lets examine the public ministry of women in the Church. Two major passages give specific instructions regarding women during worship in the letters of the Apostle Paul. These two passages are used frequently when denying women a public role in church life. The first is in I Corinthians chapter 14 verses 33 - 35, this passage commands women to be silent during worship service. Similarly but with more details, I Timothy 2 verses 8 - 15 not only contains a command to be silent but also instruction on authority along with a reference to the fall of Adam and Eve for further explanation. Here is the passage in its entirety using the NIV (New International Version) Bible translation: I want men everywhere to lift up holy hands in prayer, without anger or disputing. I also want women to dress modestly, with decency and propriety, not with braided hair or gold or pearls or expensive clothes, but with good deeds, appropriate for women who profess to worship God. A women should learn in quietness and full submission. I do not permit a woman to teach or to have authority over a man; she must be silent. For Adam was formed first, then Eve. And Adam was not the one deceived; it was the woman who was deceived and became a sinner. But women will be kept safe through childbirth, if they continue in faith, love and holiness with propriety. A woman raised in the U.S. in this day and age, reading the letter for the first time, may be quite taken aback by its apparent chauvinism. However, there are some specific historical and cultural references that must be taken into account when considering the meaning and intent of this passage. First of all, this

Women Essay Example For Students

Women Essay In Architecture Of what historic and contemporary concern is it that the architectureprofession has been, and continues to be, strongly male dominated in Australia(currently 90% of registered architects in NSW are men). Ideally, whatproportion of the profession should women occupy and why? From the start ofhuman history, we always experience certain level of inequality between sexes. It can be seen everywhere around the world and is a concern to everyone, bothmen and women. This inequality is an important issue within the workforce ofmany professions, such as being an architect, landscape architect, city plannersand designers within the built environment. Industrial revolution is the onsetfor women to become segregated from home, creating greater spatial division toimpact on gender roles. There is common concept between the relationship ofpublic and private space with male and female as described by Kate Lyons. This model represents the suburbanisation occurring in the late 19thcentury and the early 20th century. Many suburban women are forced within theirdaily activities due to the constraints on accessibility and mobility inlow-density suburbs and lead to a feeling of being isolated from the inner city. We will write a custom essay on Women specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now These constraints of this gender role affect the womens ability in the broaderprofessions within the built environment, as they were restricted at home. Architects do not like to employ women in their offices; contractorsdo not like to build from their plans; people with money to spend do not like toentrust its expenditure to a woman. This is probably due to the fact thatwomen are kept at home without knowing much of the outside world; the designprofessions have intrigued women into marginal roles. Architects and othersimilar professional fields have perceived women not as profession but aspassive clients. From these, women are users of the designed builtenvironment as there are only few to have the opportunity to design them. Thisforces women to adapt to the way environments have been designed (by men). Thereis a concern where many women architects, landscape architects, planners,builders and designers such as Catharine Beecher, Louise Bethune. Eileen Gray,Julia Morgan, and others are not formally identified with professions. Many oftheir works have been credited to their male colleagues. Another concern is thatthere is a lack of s ensitivity towards womens needs within the builtenvironment. Design strategies and schemes often fail to consider women as adisadvantage group with exclusive needs, many of these needs are inadequatelymet or even un-met. This was evident in several Local Environmental Plans andDevelopment Control Plans of the Sydney Metropolitan area that had notidentified women as a disadvantage group to be included amongst the handicappedand elderly in design issue. Having considered womens issues within the builtenvironment, in concluding one must ask are the fundamentals of professions ofthe built environment gender biased? Whilst the outcomes of these are genderbiased, the fundamentals of planning require subsequent analysis in order toresolve the question. not only do men and women view a common worldfrom different perspectives, they view different worlds as well. Theissues raised are not subject to strictly to women, but men also experience themthough with less intensity. In addressing these issues a gender sensitiveenvironment will be beneficial to all. Bibliography 1. Allen, J., Evidence and Silence: Feminism and the Limits of History in FeministChallenges, 1986. 2. Freestone, R., Florence Taylor: The Lady Town Planner ofLoftus Street in New Planner, Dec 1991. 3. Hanna, B., Florence Taylors Hats inArchitecture Bulletin, Oct 1986. 4. Hanna, B., Three Ferminist Analyses of theBuilt Environment in Architectural Theory Review, vol. 1, no.1, April 1996. .u58b634d98520171766b637aec9b9f13a , .u58b634d98520171766b637aec9b9f13a .postImageUrl , .u58b634d98520171766b637aec9b9f13a .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u58b634d98520171766b637aec9b9f13a , .u58b634d98520171766b637aec9b9f13a:hover , .u58b634d98520171766b637aec9b9f13a:visited , .u58b634d98520171766b637aec9b9f13a:active { border:0!important; } .u58b634d98520171766b637aec9b9f13a .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u58b634d98520171766b637aec9b9f13a { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u58b634d98520171766b637aec9b9f13a:active , .u58b634d98520171766b637aec9b9f13a:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u58b634d98520171766b637aec9b9f13a .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u58b634d98520171766b637aec9b9f13a .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u58b634d98520171766b637aec9b9f13a .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u58b634d98520171766b637aec9b9f13a .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u58b634d98520171766b637aec9b9f13a:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u58b634d98520171766b637aec9b9f13a .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u58b634d98520171766b637aec9b9f13a .u58b634d98520171766b637aec9b9f13a-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u58b634d98520171766b637aec9b9f13a:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Essay On Jefferson EssayArchitecture

Spanish Words for Whoever, Wherever, and Whenever

Spanish Words for Whoever, Wherever, and Whenever Spanish has several words ending in -quiera that are the rough equivalent of English words ending in -ever, although they are often used in slightly different ways. Common Words Ending in -quiera dondequiera, sometimes shortened to doquiera (wherever)adondequiera (to wherever)comoquiera, often spelled as como quiera (in whatever way, however)cualquiera, sometimes used in the plural form cualesquiera (whichever, whatever, any)quienquiera, sometimes used in the plural form quienesquiera (whoever, whomever, anyone)cuandoquiera (whenever) The -quiera suffix is obviously derived from the verb querer. The -quiera words can be used as various parts of speech, depending on the context. When used as an adjective before a singular, masculine noun, through the process of apocopation, the ending becomes -quier, as in cualquier hombre, whichever man. Example Sentences Dondequiera que voy, reviso mi correo electrà ³nico. (Wherever I go, I check my e-mail.) Dondequiera que yo vaya, mi amigo va conmigo. (Wherever I go, my friend goes with me. As in this and the preceding example, dondequiera is frequently followed by the relative pronoun que. Although it is common to use the subjunctive mood with this sentence construction, it is not always mandatory.) Y salà ­a David adondequiera que Saà ºl le enviaba. (And David went away to wherever Saul sent him. Adondequiera is used when suggesting a destination. Adondequiera has the same relationship to dondequiera that adà ³nde has to dà ³nde.) Comoquiera que sea, gracias por tu amable comentario. (Whatever comes of it, thanks for your friendly comment.) Comoquiera que no estaba yo muy convencido, me fui. (Since I wasnt especially convinced, I left. When comoquiera que is followed by a verb in the indicative mood, it often means because or since.) Este programa puede convertir videos de cualquier formato a cualquier formato. (This program can convert videos from any format to any other format. Note that whatever could be informally substituted for any in the translation.) Existen cientos de carreras profesionales, y estudiar cualquiera de ellas tiene sus ventajas y desventajas. (There are hundreds of careers, and studying any of them has advantages and disadvantages.) Cualquiera que estudie este libro va a aprender cosas que le van a ser muy à ºtiles en su vida. (Anyone who studies this book will learn things that will be very useful in his or her life. Cualquiera que is typically followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood.) En cualesquiera circunstancias, la mente siempre encontrar algo para que no seas feliz. (In any circumstance, the mind will always find something so you arent happy. The Spanish is an example of the plural form, although it is translated as singular in English.) Quienquiera que seas, no importa. (Whoever you are, it doesnt matter. Quienquiera que is typically followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood.) Nuestro movimiento est abierto a quienquiera. (Our movement is open to anyone.) Cuandoquiera que dos o tres alcohà ³licos se reà ºnan en interà ©s de la sobriedad, podrn llamarse un grupo de A.A. (Whenever two or three alcoholics get together in the interest of sobriety, they will be able to call themselves an AA group. Cuandoquiera que is typically followed by a verb in the subjunctive mood, although sometimes the indicative mood is used when referring to an event that regularly occurs.) Puedes llamarme por celular cuandoquiera. (You can call me by cell phone at any time.) Translating to Spanish Be aware that while it usually works to translate Spanish -quiera words as English -ever words, the reverse isnt always true. In other words, the -ever words of English are more versatile than the -quiera words of Spanish. For example, whoever sometimes has basically the same meaning as who but is used mainly for emphasis. Thus Whoever is calling you? would better be translated simply as  ¿Quià ©n te llama? rather than using some form of quienquiera. Also, whatever also is used in numerous ways. Where whatever is the equivalent of any, it often can be translated using cualquiera. For example, You can be whatever type of woman you want to be could be translated as Puedes ser cualquier tipo de mujer que quieres ser. But when it is used to express indifference, you might translate it using something as no importa, which literally means it isnt important. Key Takeaways Common Spanish words ending in -quiera include dondequiera (wherever), comoquiera (however), cualquiera (whichever), quienquiera (whoever), and cuandoquiera (whenever).Sometimes the -quiera words are followed by que and a verb in the subjunctive mood.When used as an adjective before a singular, masculine noun, the -quiera ending changes to -quier.

Rhapsody in blue George Gershwin Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Rhapsody in blue George Gershwin - Essay Example Rhapsody in blue is a musical composition in 1924 by George Gershwin and combines both the elements of jazz music and classical music influenced by the sound effects. It is a famous work of art that has received its premiere at an experimental modern music concert in 1924. Gershwin gets recognition as a committed and talented composer ever existed making his work the most famous of all time American concert works (Schwarz and Charles, 23).George’s composition portrays a classic talent in that a young composer goes beyond the level of people of his type can achieve. He brings out the art of creativity in a subject that, he is far from mastering. Despite the lack of the skill, he expresses himself in an amazing, original and high standard form. He combines trite several ideas in a varying and builds on rhythms that catch the attention of the listener immediately his work is playing (Downes and Olin, 16).The rhapsody in blue is an out of the world composition inspired by the flow of traffic and a blessing from God. Such composers are rare in the world; therefore, everyone here should glorify God for being in the generation that such a composer exists and have a feel of this sentimental, feeble and creative work (Schiff and David, 19).The theme of dance is no mere dance tune, but a catching moment that the listener is taken to the world of peace and imagination with the harmony of the tunes played. The parts can be separated and played differently without affecting the feel and flow in this magnificent work.

Research paper on any controversy of an book author

On any controversy of an book author - Research Paper Example His works was dismissed by feminists, who believed that Hemingway’s tone was quite condescending and associated extremely foul traits with women. His hatred for women is understandable as throughout his life, he never had a stable relationship with the opposite sex that in turn led him to create some extremely controversial stories about women and the dynamics of marriage. When Hemingway was conscripted in the American army during the World War I, he fell in love with a nurse when he was admitted into a hospital after sustaining some heavy injuries on the battlefield. The said nurse’s name was Agnes and Hemingway was clearly infatuated with her. The two shared a short-lived romance and even made plans of marriage but Hemingway was left heartbroken when Agnes deemed her Italian fiance a better match for her than Hemingway. However, this was just the tip of the ice berg. Hemmingway’s misogynistic attitude roots back to his childhood and the conflict between him and his mother caused him to hold several grudges against women and these thoughts were often projected on to the male protagonists of his stories. Hemingway has said to have shown great hatred towards his mother on several occasions, who was an opera singer by profession. It is a documented fact that Hemingway referred to his mother as ‘That bitch’, he was weary of her mother’s domineering nature and despised her immensely for it. He believed that her mother not only emasculated his father, but also tried to emasculate him by not adhering to the gender roles and further inciting incestuous conflicts between his sister, Marceline and him (Jung, 2010). His childhood can be described as being quite turbulent for it was filled with her parents bickering and his mother eventually overpowering his father. He believed that his father’s masculinity was suppressed by his mother’s over-demanding nature and from then on Hemingway not only frowned upon marriage b ut began to believe that women were the biggest source of conflicts in a man’s life. He held them responsible for triggering identity problems in men and it can be rightly assumed that Hemingway too began questioning his identity because of his mother and sister. His tumultuous relationship with his mother was ostensible after some the letters that he exchanged with his mother became public and he openly passed derogatory remarks about her. Of course, every controversy has a story behind it and so travelling back into Hemingway’s childhood, one can easily see how the controversy was spurred into action. Back in the 19th century it was common for families to dress their males in feminine clothing. Therefore, so like every other young boy living in the late 19th century Hemingway was dressed in feminine clothes since birth. It was the set norm, but later on his mother, Grace, took it a step further and began dressing Hemingway and his sister, up in similar dresses, shoes , and even gave them the same hairstyles. She became intensely obsessive over making the two siblings look like twins. She went through great measures into keeping her fantasy alive. For example she made them sleep on the same bed; they were given the same toys, and such. Grace coupled the two up so much just so she could be happy in her fantasy world; she played with her children like dolls and often treated them heartlessly. The woman eventually cultivated

Individual report 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Individual report 2 - Essay Example This site has vast information about the company. The challenges that were experienced in the process of collecting information about the company was separating relevant information from irrelevant information. This is mainly because of the amount of information which is accessible in this site. Because of the amount of information, I experienced challenges in time management. This is because I found myself taking most of the time looking at the amount of information instead of starting the project. In the future projects, I would improve on the time management issue by developing and following strictly a personal timetable. I would also try to read severally the requirements of the project in order to ease my ability locate key points for the project. Time management would also help save time that can be useful in case of any unexpected delays. The general information about the decision making process that mainly looked at the decision making process was retrieved from published books. Although the information on this section is straight forward from the published books, it was crucial to read a huge amount of information and write the section in my own opinion while avoiding using direct quotes (Lunenburg, 2010). This was crucial so as to relate the theoretical part of the paper and the topic being discussed. In future research that I will work on, I will gather all the information in time in order to have enough time to look at all the document. In normal cases, just like any other student, I assumed that there is plenty of time to complete the project. Even though there is enough amount of time provided by the lecturers, there is always the tendency of postponing the assignment until the last minute because of other engagements in the university. In order to make improvements, it is crucial to develop a personal time ta ble indicating the timeliness of

The battle of Uhud

The battle of Uhud The Battle Of Uhud In The Name Of ALLAH The Beneficent The Merciful In this essay I will be looking at the underlying factors which led to the Battle of Uhud, the main events which occurred, including my own analysis as well as looking at the result of the battle. The Battle of Uhud was a follow up to the Battle of Badr, the opening clash between the Muslims and the pagans of Makkah. The Makkans had suffered a surprise loss against the Muslims with many noblemen being killed. After this defeat there was outrage in Makkah. There was a lot of pressure on Abu Sufyan now that he was leader of Quraish. Abu Sufyan had avoided showing up at Badr, choosing instead to save the caravan[1]. He was even under pressure in his own home from his wife, Hind, who had lost her father, uncle, brother and son[2] at Badr. Her relatives were killed by a combination of Hamzah and Ali[3] so she had an insatiable thirst for revenge especially against Hamzah as described later. To Abu Sufyans credit, he showed a great desire for revenge himself, pledging the entire proceeds from the caravan in order to raise funds for another battle against the Muslims. He managed to assemble an army of 3000 with 700 armoured with 3000 camels and 200 horses. The army marched towards Madinah arriving there on 6th Shawwal 3 AH[4][5]. The Prophet (SAW)[6] was already aware of the threat having received an urgent letter[7] from Makkah[8]. The Prophet (SAW) held a council of war the following morning. It was decided that the Muslims would go out and meet the enemy. The Muslim army consisted of 1000 men with only 100 armoured and no cavalry. The army reached a place called Ash-Shaikhan where they camped for the night. The following morning, the Muslims had moved to within sight of the enemy. The hypocrites decided to return to Madinah led by Abdullah Bin Ubayy. 300 men withdrew and left the Muslims with 700. It is obvious the hypocrites did not wish to fight so this looks to be a carefully devised plan by Abdullah and his followers in order to weaken the Muslims both in physical strength as well as their morale. The moment of withdrawal was deliberately chosen so close to the start of the battle and within sight of the enemy so that they could see this occurrence and therefore receive fresh encouragement[9]. The Prophet (SAW) moved his army again and positioned them so that the enemy was between them and Madinah. This shows the incredible military leadership of the Prophet (SAW), having arrived at the battlefield after the enemy he took up a better position which would restrict the numerical advantage of the Makkans as well as being protected on all sides apart from one which would lead the pagans to expose the Muslim rear[10]. To deal with this he placed 50 archers under the command of Abdullah Bin Jabir on a mountain with explicit instructions not to vacate the position no matter whether the Muslims were winning or losing. The battle began with the most ferocious fighting centring on the Bani Abdu-Dar who were charged by the Qurarish to be the standard bearers. Bani Abdu-Dar fought courageously with each family member picking up the standard after the previous one was slaughtered and until all 10 members of the family are dead[11]. Then their huge Abyssinian slave takes the standard and continues to fight until he too is slain[12]. After this there was no one left to carry the standard. Hamzah, one of the heroes of Badr was again fighting bravely. It has already been mentioned that Hind wanted revenge so she hired an Abyssinian slave called Wahshi, who was an expert in the use of a javelin, to assassinate Hamzah in return for his freedom. Hamzah had just killed his third opponent, when Wahshi, who until that point had been hiding behind trees and rocks trying to get within range of his target, took aim and struck Hamzah straight through the stomach. Wahshi then waited for Hamzah to die before removing the javelin and then returned to the Quraish camp. However Hind was still not satisfied and after the battle she mutilated his body including cutting open his stomach and taking a bite out of his liver[13]. Despite the great loss of the uncle of the Prophet (SAW), the Muslims pushed forward and seized the advantage, the bulk of the Quraish army turning and fleeing with the Muslims in hot pursuit. The Muslims managed to raid the Quraish camp and started plundering the booty. This should have been the end of the battle and another clear cut victory for the Muslims. Unfortunately, this is where the biggest controversy of the Battle of Uhud occurs. The archers, who until now had managed to hold off the advance of the pagan cavalry, decided to join the plunder and disobey the direct command of the Prophet (SAW) as mentioned earlier. Abdullah Bin Jabir, repeatedly called his men to return to their posts but his cries fell on deaf ears as the archers continued towards the Quraish camp intent on a share of the spoils. Khalid Bin Waleed had managed to keep his men under control amidst the chaos surrounding them. Khalid was keeping an eye on the developments taking place amongst the archers and was looking to exploit just such an opportunity that had presented itself. It was at this moment Khalid made his move and pulled off a masterstroke. The remaining archers were very valiant and determined to follow the Prophet (SAW)s instructions down to the last letter. All of them became shaheed[14] whilst defending the position given to them by the Prophet (SAW). Khalid had attempted to pull of this manoeuvre a few times earlier but was prevented by the archers but had finally succeeded in doing so due to the archers abandonment of their occupied position. This signalled a reversal in fortunes for the Muslims. The bulk of Quraish who had previously being fleeing, seeing the sudden developments, returned to battle. The Muslims were trapped and under attack on two fronts which led to mass confusion and panic even resulting in Muslim killing Muslim albeit accidently[15]. The Prophet (SAW) was left in an exposed and vulnerable position with only a small group of Sahabah[16] with him and the remainder of the army too far for him to control[17]. The Prophet (SAW) was a courageous man and tried to rectify the situation by putting his own life on the line. He called the Muslims towards him although the idolaters recognised his voice and were closer to him therefore reached him first[18]. The battle now centred on the Prophet (SAW) and this has to be the most difficult trying and testing moment of his life surpassing the day of Taif[19]. More pagans left the main battle and charged towards the Prophet (SAW). This small group of Sahabah performed many heroics in order to defend their leader who they loved more than their own lives. They were under severe pressure but they fought ferociously. Many of them became shaheed. The Prophet (SAW) was pelted by stones and received injuries including broken lower font teeth. After this there was a lull in the fighting, while the Makkans were regrouping, Abu Ubaidah used his teeth to remove the rings stuck in the Prophet (SAW)s cheek breaking his own teeth in the process[20]. Ubayy Bin Khalf rode towards the Prophet (SAW) on horseback. The Prophet (SAW) told the Sahabah to allow him to approach. This man had a personal dual to settle with the Prophet (SAW). The Sahabah moved out the way, the Prophet (SAW) picked up a spear and launched it at him. It hit Ubayy between his collarbone and neck and he fell of his horse and ran back to the Quraish camp[21]. The fighting resumed once again with greater intensity and purpose. The Prophet (SAW) had a human shield[22] protecting him from arrows[23]. Ibn Qamiah managed to strike him with his sword on the shoulder resulting in the Prophet (SAW) falling behind in to a ditch dug as a trap by the enemy. Ibn Qamiah then raced back to declare the death of the Prophet (SAW). The rumour spread quickly. The main army of Muslims were heartbroken. Some fled to the mountains, some toward the desert, some toward Madinah while the rest only wanted to fight till the end. The Quraish then commit the same mistake as the Muslims, thinking they had completed their objective they started plundering after the booty. The Quraishi women then began mutilating the bodies of the deceased. By now the majority of the Muslim army had dispersed. The Prophet (SAW) began to make a planned withdrawal with the remaining Sahabah who were mostly injured, some more severe than others, were joined by another group of Muslims as they retreated to Mount Uhud. Khalid had spotted this withdrawal and raced after them with some of his men but was unable to catch them before they reached Uhud. Khalid realised the situation was not in his favour as he was on horseback on mountainous terrain. Khalid then informed Abu Sufyan who was looking for the body of the Prophet (SAW) that he was up in the mountain. Abu Sufyan approached hoping that the rumour was still true, thereby had an interesting conversation with Omar[24]. The Muslims started gathering at where the Prophet (SAW) was resting. The Muslim women[25] were tending to the injured. Once the enemy had vacated the battlefield the Muslims went to inspect the dead and wounded. The Janaazah[26] was performed. The Muslims returned to Madinah[27]. The Muslims had lost 70 men whilst the idolaters had lost 22. The pagans spent the night celebrating. Meanwhile, in Madinah, the Muslims were counting their scars but on the orders of the Prophet (SAW) they went after the Quraish the following morning. Abu Sufyan was satisfied with the result and felt Badr had been avenged by Uhud. Even Hind was pleased. Khalid was one of those who wished to finish the Muslims while they were weakened and destroy Islam once and for all. He believed they had achieved nothing which was indeed correct because the Prophet (SAW) and the most prominent Sahabah were still alive and the Islamic State was still intact. Abu Sufyan feared the 300 who had withdrawn would return in the event of another battle although the Prophet (SAW) only asked those who had participated the previous day to return. On hearing the news of the approaching Muslim army, the panic stricken Quraish fled. My opinion is that the result of the battle is a win for the Muslims albeit not as clear cut as the Battle of Badr. In boxing terms, it was a split decision to the Muslims. Although in terms of casualties it is agreed the Muslims suffered the heavier losses but this is a superficial way of looking at the result of the battle. The best way to judge the battle is to look at the aims and objectives of both sides. Bringing such a large army and having spent such a large amount of money, my opinion is the Quraish undoubtedly wished to kill the Prophet (SAW), wipe out Islam completely and destroy the Islamic State at Madinah. None of these were achieved. Before Abu Sufyan left the battlefield he knew the Prophet (SAW) was alive, he chose not pursue the Muslims up the mountain and chose not to raid Madinah. It must not be forgotten that Quraish army was 3 times larger than the Muslims[28] and yet they only managed to kill 70 Muslims and having had the advantage they did not seize it. It loo ked to be a comfortable victory for the Muslims. The turning point was certainly the disobedience of the archers and the great manoeuvre of Khalid. A victorious army would not have fled the following morning. There are many lessons to be learned from Uhud such as do not disobey the Prophet (SAW). The Quran contains over 60 verses regarding Uhud[29] I would like to end with one such verse: Allah verily made good His promise to you when you routed them by His permission, until (the moment) when your courage failed you, and you disagreed about the order and you disobeyed, after He had shown you that for which you long. Some of you desired the world, and some of you desired the Hereafter. Therefore He made you flee from them, that He might try you. Yet now He has forgiven you. Allah is a Lord of Kindness to believers.[30] Bibliography Akkad, M. (Director) (1976) The Message [Film] Libya: Filmco International Productions Akram, A.I. (2007) Khalid Bin Waleed Sword Of ALLAH Birmingham: Maktabah Mubarakpuri, S.R. (2002) The Sealed Nectar London: Darussalam Subhani, J. (2000) The Message Qum: Ansaryian Publications Watt, W.M. (1961) Muhammad Prophet Statesman Oxford: Oxford University Press [1] This caravan contained the property and wealth of the emigrants who sacrificed everything to go to Madinah. The caravan had safely made it to Syria and was on the return journey to Makkah. [2] Also Abu Sufyans son [3] Khalid Bin Waleed P:18 [4] Late March 625 [5] The Sealed Nectar P:294 [6] Sallallahu Alayhi Wasallam = May the peace and blessings of ALLAH be upon him [7] From his uncle Abbas who was a Muslim yet to declare his faith and still living in Makkah. [8] The Sealed Nectar P:293 [9] The Sealed Nectar P:298 [10] Khalid Bin Waleed P:23 [11] The Sealed Nectar P:306 [12] The Sealed Nectar P:307 [13] Khalid Bin Waleed P:39 [14] Martyrs [15] Khalid Bin Waleed P:30 [16] Companions [17] Khalid Bin Waleed P:32 [18] The Sealed Nectar P:313 [19] When the Prophet (SAW) went to Taif to preach Islam but was ridiculed by the chiefs and stoned by the towns children. [20] The Sealed Nectar P:321 [21] When he came to Madinah to ransom his son after Badr, he said he would kill the Prophet (SAW) but the Prophet (SAW) promised to kill him instead. Indeed the prophecy came true. It is reported the wound was only superficial however he was adamant he would die causing hysteria among the pagans. He died after the battle on the way back to Makkah. [22] Abu Dujanah [23] Khalid Bin Waleed P:33 [24] AS: Is Mohammed among you? Is Abu Bakr among you? Is Omar among you? (no response)AS: These 3 are dead. They will trouble us no more O: You lie O enemy of ALLAH! Those 3 are still alive and there are enough of us left to punish you severely! AS: May ALLAH protect you O son of Khattab! Is Mohammed really alive? O: By my Lord Yes! Even now he hears what you say AS: You are more truthful than Ibn Qamiah AS: Glory to Hubal! O[now repeating the words of the Prophet (SAW)]: Glory Be To ALLAH! AS: We have Uzza. You have no Uzza O: ALLAH is our Lord. You have no Lord AS: This is our day for your day of Badr. It is equal O: they are not equal. Our dead are in Paradise while your dead are in the fire! AS: we shall meet again at Badr next year. O: You have our pledge. It is an appointment. AS: You will find among your dead some who have been mutilated. I neither ordered this nor approved of it. Do not blame for this. [25] Including the Prophet (SAW)s daughter Fatimah and his wife Aisha [26] Funeral Prayer [27] The Sealed Nectar P:334 [28] 4x after withdrawal of hypocrites [29] Mainly in Surah Ali Imran [30] 3:152

Stephen Hawking Essay -- Stephen Hawking biography Essays

If you casually mention the name Stephen Hawking in conversation, you are likely to get a number of reactions from people.Some people know him from cameo appearances in movies or TV shows like The Big Bang Theory. Others have leafed through his popular book, A Brief History of Time. People recognize him as an outspoken representative for the disabled, and a leader of the scientific community.But how many people know him for his research? Professor Hawking has certainly lived an impressive life, and he is an inspiring public figure.With all the distractions surrounding Professor Hawking, most people forget about the groundbreaking discoveries that he has helped develop in the science of Cosmology.Through this essay, I hope to share some of his scientific work the reader. Like with any story, we must begin at the beginning.Stephen William Hawking was born on January 8, 1942, exactly 300 years after the death of Galileo.He came from a relatively modest background.His family did have a rather strong academic tradition though.Both of his parents had attended and graduated from Oxford, and his father, Frank, was appointed Head of the Division of Parasitology at the National Institute of Medical Research after the end of World War II.His family lived in the small town of St. Albans.When Stephen was 10 he was sent to St. Albans School, a private school with an excellent academic reputation.Stephen was naturally gifted and remained near the top of his class.He ran with a small group of friends who were all good students and they spent a great deal of time discussing intellectual matters.Hawking graduated from St Albans and was admitted to Oxford on a scholarship1. Many scholars are surprised to hear that Hawking did his undergrad... ...agraph comes from White & Gribbin pgs. 175-182 15) The preceding paragraph comes from Hawking pgs. 139-146 16) The preceding quote comes from White & Gribbin pgs. 187-188 Sources: - Hawking, Stephen. (1988). A Brief History of Time. New York: Bantam Books. (pp 191). - Hawking, Stephen & Ellis, George. (1973). The Large Scale Structure of Space-time. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. (pp 364). - White, Michael & Gribbin, John. (1992). Stephen Hawking: A Life in Science. New York: Dutton. (pp 293). - Hawking, Stephen. Does God Play Dice?. Public Lecture http://www.hawking.org.uk/pdf/dice.pdf - Hawking, Stephen. Space and Time Warps. Public Lecture http://www.hawking.org.uk/pdf/warp.pdf - Hawking, Stephen. The Beginning of Time. Public Lecture http://www.hawking.org.uk/pdf/bot.pdf

Strategic Fit of It Service Management

IBM Academy of Technology Academy TechNotes ATN Volume 2, Number 9, 2011 Strategic fit of IT Service Management iven the crucial role that IT (Information Technology) plays in businesses today, IT departments have a significant responsibility to ensure that its value is optimized. IT optimization can be obtained through the adoption of the IT Service Management proposition by IT operations. G Pietro Della Peruta However, IT Service Management concepts and tools are complex changes to introduce to an organization. To achieve the right fit of such concepts and tools it is important that the introduction is congruent with the company’s operating mode. The Company Operating Mode concept was introduced in the seminal work of Nolan and McFarlan on the â€Å"IT Strategic Impact Grid† (Harvard Business Review, October 2005, Information Technology and the Board of DirecTurnaround mode is characStrategic Dependence: Current value of IT on tors). According to the IT terized by the business havbusiness Strategic Impact Grid, ing a low strategic dependHigh companies operate in Low ence on IT which has high four possible modes: strategic impact. Firms in Turnaround Strategic High support, turnaround, facturnaround mode expect a IT Governance Focus IT Governance tory, and strategic. These new system to change their on system s and Governance modes determine the on business business. New systems promapplications Strategic Im pact: services Scope of IT current value IT has for ise major process optimizaFuture value of IT on operations the business (i. e. strategic business tion and service transformaSupport Factory Managem ent dependency) and the tion as well as cost reducBusiness Applications Focus future value IT has for the tion. IT operations are charservice and system m anagem ent m anagem ent business (i. e. strategic acterized by a great attenLow impact). To optimize the tion to efficiency, and they Legenda IT Managem ent Mode value of IT, for each are mostly process driven. Business Focus System Focus Com pany Operating Mode Company Operating Mode, The IT operations focus is on Focus of IT a well-defined level of IT the systems with attention to operations service management (IT IT governance processes (i. e. service management mode) needs to be implemented ITIL). y the IT operation. The IT service management mode is Strategic mode is characterized by IT having high stratecharacterized by the focus of IT operation (i. e. system gic dependence and high strategic impact on the busifocus or business focus) and by the scope of IT operations ness. Firms in this mode require dependable systems and (i. e. management focus or governance focus). When a must exploit emerging technologies to hold their comcompanyâ €™s currently adopted IT management mode petitive position. IT operations are seeking effectiveness does not match the operating mode the company is in, and efficiency. IT operations focus is on managing busithe IT department must modify the way IT services are ness service from a business point of view (effectiveness) managed in order to optimize the value of IT. as well as using a process driven approach to manage Support Mode is characterized by IT having low strategic the IT (efficiency). This means IT governance and business impact on the business which has a low strategic deservice focus. endency on IT. Companies in support mode are least dependent on IT. In this mode systems operate mostly in About the Author: Pietro della Peruta is an Executive IT Archimaintenance mode. Service interruption might not protect, IBM Software Group, a member of the IBM Academy of duce serious consequences. For a company in support Technology, and has 20 years of experience in systems mode, systems and applications are monitored and some availability and p erformance management. est practices exist for recovery from performance and availability problems. IT operations are focused on systems and applications resources, and the scope of operations is management.  © Copyright IBM Corporation 2011 Factory mode is characterized by the business having high strategic dependence on IT which has low strategic impact. Companies in factory mode are more dependent on information technology. If systems fail for a minute or more, there is an immediate loss of business. Increased response time has erious consequences for both internal and external users. IT management in the factory mode is characterized by a high level of effectiveness via tailored control of business service quality. KPIs (key performance indicators) are defined at business level more than at IT level. IT operations have a business focus but still a management scope. In factory mode, the focus of IT operations is more on managing the business services than on the systems or the applications as single entities. For more information please visit the Academy web site.

The Asch Conformity Experiments and Social Pressure

The Asch Conformity Experiments and Social Pressure The Asch Conformity Experiments, conducted by psychologist Solomon Asch in the 1950s, demonstrated the power of conformity in groups and showed that even simple objective facts cannot withstand the distorting pressure of group influence. The Experiment In the experiments, groups of male university students were asked to participate in a perception test. In reality, all but one of the participants were confederates (collaborators with the experimenter who only pretended to be participants). The study was about how the remaining student would react to the behavior of the other participants. The participants of the experiment (the subject as well as the confederates) were seated in a classroom and were presented with a card with a simple vertical black line drawn on it. Then, they were given a second card with three lines of varying length labeled A, B, and C. One line on the second card was the same length as that on the first, and the other two lines were obviously longer and shorter. Participants were asked to state out loud in front of each other which line, A, B, or C, matched the length of the line on the first card. In each experimental case, the confederates answered first, and the real participant was seated so that he would answer last. In some cases, the confederates answered correctly, while in others, the answered incorrectly. Aschs goal was to see if the real participant would be pressured to answer incorrectly in the instances when the Confederates did so, or whether their belief in their own perception and correctness would outweigh the social pressure provided by the responses of the other group members. Results Asch found that one-third of real participants gave the same wrong answers as the Confederates at least half the time. Forty percent gave some wrong answers, and only one-fourth gave correct answers in defiance of the pressure to conform to the wrong answers provided by the group. In interviews he conducted following the trials, Asch found that those that answered incorrectly, in conformance with the group, believed that the answers given by the Confederates were correct, some thought that they were suffering a lapse in perception for originally thinking an answer that differed from the group, while others admitted that they knew that they had the correct answer, but conformed to the incorrect answer because they didnt want to break from the majority. The Asch experiments have been repeated many times over the years with students and non-students, old and young, and in groups of different sizes and different settings. The results are consistently the same with one-third to one-half of the participants making a judgment contrary to fact, yet in conformity with the group, demonstrating the strong power of social influences. Connection to Sociology The results of Aschs experiment resonate with what we know to be true about the nature of social forces and norms in our lives. The behavior and expectations of others shape how we think and act on a daily basis because what we observe among others teaches us what is normal, and expected of us. The results of the study also raise interesting questions and concerns about how knowledge is constructed and disseminated, and how we can address social problems that stem from conformity, among others. Updated  by Nicki Lisa Cole, Ph.D.

The Taming of the Shrew play Essay Example

The Taming of the Shrew play Essay Example The Taming of the Shrew play Paper The Taming of the Shrew play Paper Essay Topic: The Taming Of the Shrew Commedia dellArte played a great part in the way that Shakespeare wrote his plays. The 16th century society were great supporters of Commedia dellArte, which influenced Shakespeare and his comedy plays. Commedia dellArte originated in Italy in the mid 1550s when pros formed companies. They all took after each other and formed larger groups. One of the initial companies was known as Gelosi. As the years wore on, further companies Unite, Desiosi and Fideli formed. Zannis were a main feature of Commedia dellArte in The Taming of the Shrew; Tranio would be an example. The Taming of the Shrew is revolved around disguises and deception. Straight away, this concept is highlighted as the fat drunkard is deceived and tricked into thinking he is a noble. Later in the play, Hortensio dresses as a music teacher, Lucentio as a latin teacher. Tranio as Lucentio and pedent as Vincentio. This, as well as being amusing, adds dramatic irony. For example, when Tranio meets the real Vincentio when Tranio is dressed as Lucentio this is dramatic irony and is humorous for the audience. Such role swaps and elaborate dress is derived from Commedia dellArte. Throughout the play, there is much wordplay and punning to heighten the comedy. The more sophisticated members of the audience particularly the upper classes and especially royalty such as Queen Elizabeth would have understood and found them funny. Also this punning appeals to modern audiences. Pet: Here, sirrah Grumio, knock I say. Gru: Knock sir? Whom should I knock? Here, the word knock is being played upon. The word was understood by Grumio the dim-witted servant to mean insult someone, where Petruchio meant it as to knock on the door. This simple misunderstanding via wordplay would have been humorous to both Elizabethan audiences and modern day audiences. The subject of marriage in the Elizabethan era could also be a very humorous subject. In The Taming of the Shrew, it not only challenges the stereotypical marriage ceremony but creates irony and humour. This is shown on many occasions. Straight away, Petruchio makes a mockery of the marriage ceremony by attending the marriage in comical rags which also embarrasses Kate in public, wearing her down once again. Soon after, he punches the priest in the face, while providing comedy; this also underlines the disrespect shown for the marriage ceremony. Marriage was generally seen as the underlining statement that made a woman the husbands possession, something which Katherine certainly despised. This is also where there is some irony, as the most unlikely of suitors: Petruchio a chauvinistic male, and Katherina a sworn feminist, turn out to have a successful marriage. The marriage of Bianca and Lucentio ends up as less successful than the marriage of Petruchio and Katherina. This could be because Lucentio sees Bianca as a trophy wife, as his possession. But as Petruchio and Katherina have sexual chemistry, they are able to work out their differences and become a successful couple. This is shown and re-enforced when Hortensio, Lucentio and Petruchio have a bet to see whose wife is the most obedient and shall appear on command. Lucentio and Hortensio are both overly confident and see Petruchio as a fool for making such a bet; however they are shamed when they both reject the order to attend to their respective husbands. Then Katherina appears on command with both Bianca and Hortensios wife in hand, and appears fully obedient. This scene shows faults in the marriage between Lucentio and Bianca, and shows the strength and the bond that is shared between Petruchio and Katherina, and also the obedience that Katherina has learned she has been tamed.

Electronic Drive Motors used in Naval Vessels Essay

Electronic Drive Motors used in Naval Vessels - Essay Example According to an analysis of various ships conducted by the US Navy, the electric drive propulsion ships utilizes 10 to 25 percent lesser energy as compared to the traditional mechanical drive propulsion ships and thus are very likely to contribute to the Navy’s target of achieving environmental sustainability in consumption of fuel by its vessels and by the naval equipment (Baldwin & Baldwin, 2008). There other advantages of electric drive propulsion system because of being newer in technology it can incorporate in it the latest technology and can easily support the automated system and the various systems on the ship can be easily shifted to electric control and can easily be automated. Electric drive propulsion system can use the new propeller/stem configurations such as the podded propulsor which is very effective in increasing the fuel efficiency of the ships due the improvements in the hydrodynamic efficiency of the ships (Hobart, 1911). The incorporation of the podded pr opulsor system can help in further saving the fuels up to 15 percent. Figure 2 Podded Propulsor [http://accessscience.com/loadBinary.aspx?filename=YB001201FG0030.gif] While incorporating an electric drive system in a naval vessel there are other concerns beside the propulsion of the ship and the electricity required for the control room electrical panels and boards. The guns and other security equipment installed on a naval vessel are also mechanically operated and in order to convert the operation completely into an electric system the mechanical system installed on the ships will also needed to be converted to electric power. One solution is to use an integrated electric drive system with more advanced motor type known as the advanced induction motor AIM. But this type of electric motors can are only sufficient for the most primitive guns such as the DDG-1000 destroyer and cannot be used for the guns and security and combat equipments which require a larger power for their operati on. The other technologies which can be used for powering the larger guns and combat equipment include permanent magnet motor (PMM) and high temperature super conducting synchronous motor (HTS). The conversion technology used should be efficient enough to convert and distribute the shipboard electrical power for the development of a propulsion system with more reliability, survivability and power quality. Permanent Magnet Motor A permanent magnet motor does not have a field winding on the stator frame and thus relies on permanent magnets to provide the magnetic field against which rotor field interacts to produce torque. The commutation under load on large motors can be easily improved by the use of compensating windings in series with the armature. The power consumption of the field winding can be easily eliminated by the use of permanent magnet fields (stators) and thus most of the large motors are dynamo types which utilize stator winding. The various operations on the ship and n aval vessels powered by electrical

Whole Food Plan Book Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Whole Food Plan Book - Essay Example During the year 2005, the sales were 1.3 million which rose to 1.7 million in the year 2007. Although market capitalization is rising, the profit margin has reduced considerably over the past three years. The stores operated by the company are approximately eight years of age; it is young age in a grocery industry. The stores are averagely about 30,000 sq. ft. As reported in the year 2006, among 180 stores of the company 113 were larger or 30,000 sq. ft. The physical resources are newer as the company. Human resource of the company is knowledgeable and well trained; they strive for a better customer experience. The payroll, bonus and other benefits of the staff have been increased during the year 2004 to 2005. Employee of the company are motivated by mission statement of the company and feel proud to be a part of the team that supports organic and natural food. The staff feels good about their job as they are contributing towards the betterment of the society. Whole Foods Market is a supermarket chain specializing in providing its customers with natural and organic foods of the highest quality on the market. Son una empresa con unos muy altos està ¡ndares de calidad en todo lo que hacen ya lo largo de sus 3 dà ©cadas de historia se han convertido en el là ­der mundial en su sector. They are a company with very high quality standards in everything they do and along its three decades of history have become the world leader in this sector. 1. Unmet needs: Usually the food items sold as suitable for children, young and adults are not only grain-based foods, but often they have a high content of salt and usually high sugar content. In the defense of this allegation, it is always said that high sugar and salt is due to demand in certain countries and not in others. In order to promote the concept of healthy eating, it was necessary to create awareness among consumers about the magic of less processed

Stem Cell Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Stem Cell - Research Paper Example The paper tells that cells with the ability to divide constantly as well as distinguish and extend into numerous cells and tissues of various kinds are known as stem cells. They are ‘blank’ cells as they do not display any precise physiological predisposition. With the onset of appropriate conditions, in vitro or in vivo, stem cells develop into focused tissues and organs as they are self-sufficient and replicate by the process of cell division, indicating that stem cells are biological entities prevalent in multicellular organisms. As stem cells possess distinctive eminence and research embraces an immense assurance for the management and cure of critical and unbearable ailments like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancer, diabetes and neurological as well as metabolic disorders, diseases related to hear, stroke, bone condition, osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, as well as conditions like multiple sclerosis. Stem cells could also be grown to become new tis sue for use in transplant medicine. Research is being carried out across the world to decipher the underlying genetic and biochemical facts triggering stem cell delineation to new cells capable of repairing distorted tissues and organs. Stem cells pave the way towards understanding of various diseases and syndromes. Stem cells are promising resources to test the drugs and agents. Stem cells are pluripotent, i.e. capable of replicating into similar kind of cells or they are capable of specializing into any other specific tissue. There are various categories of stem cells: Embryonic stem cells- They are procured from the interior cells of the blastocyst. Fetal stem cells- They are procured from the germ line tissues of aborted fetus. Umbilical cord stem cells- Blood of the umbilical cord encompasses stem cells similar to the cells present in the bone marrow. Placenta derivative stem cells- Source of enormous stem cells. Adult stem cells- Numerous adult tissues also possess stem cells. These stem cells are harvested to rectify ailments or cloning tissues, organs, animals or humans or they may be harvested for gene-line engineering. The gene-line engineering aims to function towards disease resistance and functional improvement. Induced pluripotent cells- Through nuclear programming scientists have transformed adult cells into stem cells. Nuclear programming alters the genes to behave like embryonic stem cells and thereby avert immune rejection, although adverse effects could not be documented so far. Amniotic fluid stem cells- Researchers have documented the presence of stem cells in amniotic fluid (Where do stem cells come from?; Stem cells: What they are and what they do?). Scientists are using stem cell lines derived from the single stem cell. They are devoid of genetic defects and could be stored as well as used for various research purposes to get regenerative medicines for damaged or degenerated tissues through gene manipulation technique which aids in gene rating

Death in Cross Cultural Perspectives Essay Example for Free

Death in Cross Cultural Perspectives Essay There are different mourning ceremonies, traditions, and behaviors to express grief, but the concept of permanent loss remains unchanged in cross cultural setting. With this paper I will identify cross-cultural perspectives on death and dying, and will analyze multiple beliefs relating to death phenomenon. Furthermore I will identify different cultural mourning ceremonies and will analyze their impact on grieving process and coping mechanisms. Death is a universal phenomenon, but individual responses to death vary widely from culture to culture. In effort to explain the concept of death, many different cultures bring a significant symbolic meaning to the dying process in terms of rituals, ceremonies, and bereavement practices. Grieving and funeral rituals vary greatly across cultures and, in most cases, are associated with religious practices and beliefs. People tend to look at the death phenomena through the scope of their religious beliefs and often relate their personal experiences with death to cultural norms and traditions. Our culture affects the length of grieving process, mourning ceremonies, and even influence the way we cry during funerals. The mystery of death is often associated with fear and anxiety, thus it is easier for people to relate indefinite death concept to something that makes sense and brings comfort. Death in Latino culture According to Lobar, Youngblut and Brooten (2006), Latino death rituals are heavily influenced by religion, especially Catholicism, which underlines an importance of connection between the living and a deceased person, through prayer. Death is not something the majority of Hispanics fear, because many of them perceive death as a journey. The dying process is closely related to religious practices, such as prayers, hearing the confession of the dying, communion, and a blessing. Ongoing support is essential element of dying and grieving process, and in this particular culture it is unacceptable to let people die alone. The loyalty to a dying person and care that ill person receives during the last journey is very prominent in Latino culture. Death concept in Hispanic culture is closely related to family obligations, which is evident by the care that Hispanic family renders to a dying person during last moments. After death occurs, the family still prefers to stay with the body during burial preparation to pray and to watch over the body. Prior funeral a wake is held, which is a very social event where an extended family has a chance to get together, serve food and drinks, and enjoy each others’ company. Candles and flowers are essential decorating attributes of wakes and funerals. A funeral follows a wake, and during funeral family has a chance to say last goodbyes to their loved one. Emotional expression of grief is important attribute of Latino cultures which is often evident during funeral ceremonies where women cry loudly and use their body language openly. It is not unusual to put personal items into the casket with the person who has passed away for their journey in the afterlife, which also serves as an example of a finial gift from a family (Lobar, Youngblut Brooten, 2006). Burial follow a funeral, because majority of Hispanics oppose cremation, which is also related to their religious beliefs and importance of placing a body in the ground. Most Hispanics believe that someday the dead will arise and return to life, which significantly influences their burial preferences. It is crucial for Hispanics to be buried next to other family members to keep them company and to arise together someday (Lobar, Youngblut Brooten, 2006). Spiritual connection with the dead is also one of the important elements of Latino culture, which is demonstrated by frequent gravesite visits and praying to spirits. Death is always associated with separation, which leads to sorrow, and grief; however cultural perceptions and beliefs help to look at death from a different perspective and perceive death as a natural state that can be approached with love, respect, dignity, and tremendous family support. Latino culture supports their dying people during the last journey, and believes in afterlife, which gives them hope and helps to overcome unbearable grief of permanent loss. Death rituals in Africa African culture demonstrates a strong connection with deceased person, and believes that only a correct burial will bring a dead person peace. People n Africa strongly believe in spiritual life, thus their main goal during burial ceremonies is to address a spirit of a deceased person. An African funeral begins with removal of the body from home, which is done through a previously made hole in the wall of the home. Africans remove a dead body through the hole, instead of a door, to confuse a spirit and m ake sure that a spirit of a deceased person will not return back home, as a hole in the wall is immediately closed after removal of the body. In effort to confuse a spirit even more, they place thorns and sticks in a zigzag pattern along the way as body being taken to the place of burial. Blackely et al, 1994). In the religions of Africa, life does not end with death and people tend to believe in power of the dead, thus many families often pray to spirits and ask them not to come back and cause any trouble. Death is perceived as the beginning of connection with visible and invisible worlds. One of the funeral rituals include special preparation of a home, such as smearing windows with ashes and turning pictures and other reflective objects face down to ensure that deceased person is detached from a living, and to promote smooth transition into different world. The beds are usually removed from deceased’s bedroom and mourning women sit on a floor or a mattress. According to African culture, if correct funeral is not observed, a dead person may come back and bother the living. The funeral preparation takes approximately from seven to thirteen days, which gives the community members a chance to visit and give the last respect to a deceased (Mbiti, 1969). The funeral ceremony usually begins before the sunrise, because people believe that bad spirits usually sleep early in the morning. The pastoral care during funeral preparation is very important for comfort and encouragement. According to Blackely et al (1994), African funerals simultaneously mourn for the dead and celebrate life. An animal is usually killed during funerals to avoid bad luck, but it also has a practical purpose, such as providing food for family and neighbors. In many communities women and unmarried adults are not allowed to attend funerals, as well as close family members are not allowed to speak or take any vocal part in the funeral ceremony. The community involvement during African funerals is a great example of psychosocial and emotional support during mourning process, which draws people together and promotes healthy grief. Jewish rituals There are many different beliefs in Judaism, thus funeral rituals and ceremonies vary greatly. According to Jewish laws, practices, and beliefs, a soul returns to heaven immediately after death, thus the body has to be buried as soon as possible, usually within 24 to 48 hours (Lobar, Youngblut Brooten, 2006). Mourners show their grief by wearing a black ribbon and by performing only minimal grooming and bathing. Mirrors or other reflective objects may be covered and family remains with a deceased and talks about a deceased. Prayers, citations of Psalms and learned passages from the Talmud are essential elements of the Jewish funerals (Ribner, 1998). According to Clements et al (2003), a body should be treated with respect due to belief that it is a temple of a soul. There is a special ritual of body preparation, where women prepare a female body and men are responsible for preparing a male body. All jewelry must be removed from the body, and the body is washed twice, and is treated almost if it was still alive. The prepared body is laid on the floor with candles around it, and the body is never left alone. There is no embalming and the body is clothed or wrapped and put into wooden coffin, so the body and the box can return entirely to earth. Traditional Jewish funerals are symbolic representations of spiritual connection with God. The funeral ceremonies are based on purity, simplicity and dignity. According to Jewish tradition, wealthy and poor are equal before God, thus the body must be buried in the same type of garment regardless of financial and social status. According to Jewish religion, death is only a part of a process, and after death a soul continues on. Jewish people believe in afterlife, which gives them hope and helps to deal with grief. The importance of family is recognized throughout Jewish mourning ceremonies, which value family privacy during first seven days of mourning process, where close family gets together and have a meal of condolence that include eggs and bread. According to the belief, eggs symbolize life, which is a great example of attitude towards death and strong belief in afterlife (Madsen, 1999). Cross cultural perspective Death is a universal phenomenon, but funerals ceremonies and rituals vary greatly across cultures and religions. Many cultural groups carry their own beliefs and perceptions, which help them with the grieving process and adaptations strategies. Death carries a feeling of a permanent loss, which is very difficult for people to accept. According to Kastenbaum (2007), bereavement is a universal experience, which carries many painful responses, including depression, distress, fear, and misery. Our inner state feelings are universal, however or external expressions are different. Our culture and religious beliefs are essential elements of adaptation strategies and coping techniques. Believing in afterlife in Christianity, Judaism, and many other religious groups gives people hope, helps to alleviate grief, and promotes healthy adaptation process. Strong extended family support during mourning process helps to share unbearable grief among family members and serves as an excellent source of encouragement. Strong community involvement is extremely beneficial during bereavement, which helps to take care of financial struggles and provides psychosocial support. Cross cultural rituals help people express their grief according to their beliefs. Almost every funeral ceremony is family oriented, which is designed to bring extended family together, to celebrate life, and to set the background for healthy grief. There are many similarities and differences in beliefs and practices on death and dying. But for many cultures and religious groups a funeral is a final act of love, respect, devotion, and family gathering.